PARTI
THE WORK
OF THE ACADEMY
1968
William J. Wayne, President
OFFICERS
President William J. Wayne, Indiana University
President Elect Howard R. Youse, DePauw University
Secretary James R. Gammon, DePauw University
Treasurer Frank A. Guthrie, Rose Polytechnic Inst.
Editor William R. Eberly, Manchester College
Director of Public Relations James A. Clark, Indiana Department
of Natural Resources
DIVISIONAL CHAIRMEN
Anthropology Ben K. Schwartz, Ball State University
Bacteriology. Hayward Campbell, Jr., Eli Lilly & Co.
Botany . Thomas Mertens, Ball State University
Cell Biology Ralph Jersild, I. U. Med. Center
Chemistry LeRoy A. McGrew, Ball State University
Ecology. Wm. B. Crankshaw, Ball State University
Entomology Leland Chandler, Purdue University
Geology & Geography Lowell Dillon, Ball State University
History of Science Robert Cooper, Ball State University
Physics Edwin C. Craig, Ball State University
Plant Taxonomy Carrolle A. Markle, Earlham College
Soil Science Marion Baumgardner, Purdue University
Zoology John 0. Whitaker, Indiana State University
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
(Past Presidents*, Current Officers, Divisional Chairmen,
Committee Chairmen)
♦Baldinger, L. H.
Behrens, 0. K.
Campbell, H. Jr.
Chandler, L. * Christy, 0. B.
Clark, J. A. *Cleland, R. E.
Coats, N.
Cook, D. J.
Cooper, R.
Crankshaw, W. B.
Craig, E. C.
Daily, F. K. *Daily, W. A. *Day, H. G.
Dillon, L.
Eberly, W. R. ♦Edington, W. E.
* Edwards, P. D.
Gammon, J. R. *Girton, R. E. ♦Guard, A. T.
Guthrie, F. A. ♦Haenisch, E. L.
Heniser, V.
Jersild, R. ♦Johnson, W. H.
Kaufman, K. L. ♦Lilly, Eli ♦Lindsey, A. A.
List, J. C.
McGrew, L. A. ♦Markle, C. A.
Markle, M. S. ♦Mellon, M. G.
Mertens, T.
♦Meyer, A. H. ♦Michaud, H. H. ♦Morgan, W. P.
Moulton, B.
Petty, R. O. ♦Porter, C. L. ♦Powell, H. M.
Schwartz, B.
Stockton, Sister M.R. ♦Wallace, F. N.
Wayne, W. J. ♦Weatherwax, P.
Webster, J. D. ♦Welch, W. H. ♦Welcher, F. J.
Whitaker, J. 0.
Winslow, D.
Youse, H. R.
BUDGET COMMITTEE President, W. J. Wayne; President-elect, H. R. Youse; Secretary, J. R. Gammon; Treasurer, F. A. Guthrie; Editor, W. R. Eberly; Director of Public Relations, J. A. Clark; Retiring President, A. A. Lindsey; Director of Junior Academy, D. R. Winslow; Library Committee, Nellie Coats; Program Committee, J. C. List and L. A. McGrew; Relation of Academy to State, W. A. Daily.
COMMITTEES ELECTED BY THE ACADEMY
Academy Foundation: W. P. Morgan, 1969, chairman; W. A. Daily, 1970. Bonding: D. J. Cook, 1968, chairman; R. M. Brooker, 1968. Research Grants: O. K. Behrens, 1969, chairman; H. H. Michaud, 1968; J. B. Patton, 1972; W. Stephenson, 1971; W. H. Welch, 1970.
COMMITTEES APPOINTED BY THE PRESIDENT (President an ex officio member of all committees)
Academy Representative on the Council of A.A.A.S.: W. H. Johnson.
Auditing Committee: J. C. List, chairman; R. H. Cooper.
Youth Activities Committee: V. Heniser, chairman; Sr. Mary Alexandra; R. Brooker; J. Colglazier; J. Davis; E. Haenisch; K. Kaufman; W. Kessel; G. Kirkman; R. Lefler; R. Settle; D. Winslow.
Indiana Science Talent Search: V. Heniser, director; L. H. Baldinger; R. L. Henry; A. Kahn; A. R. Schmidt; H. L. Zimmack.
Indiana Science Fairs State Coordinator: K. L. Kaufman.
Library Committee: Nellie Coats, chairman; Lois Burton; J. W. Klotz; Eli Lilly; B. Malin.
Program Committee: J. C. List and L. A. McGrew, chairmen; R. H. Cooper; E. C. Craig; C. Parish; H. Paschall; D. F. Richmond; H. H. Roepke; B. K. Swartz, Jr.
Publications Committee: W. R. Eberly, chairman; J. A. Clark; D. G. Frey; W. N. Meihorn; J. Pelton; W. J. Wayne.
Relation of Academy to State: W. A. Daily, chairman; J. A. Clark; C. F. Dineen; W. R. Eberly.
Membership Committee: Sr. M. Rose Stockton, chairman; G. R. Bakker; O. Behrens; J. F. Hayden; G. H. Bick; M. Burne; K. H. Carlson; N. Coats; R. H. Coleman; G. B. Cummins; J. P. Danehy; F. K. Edmundson; H. Feldman; Olive Forbes; F. Frieders; J. R. Gammon; W. C. Gunther; F. A. Guthrie; R. E. Hale; W. E. Hoffman; W. B. Hopp; W. R. Hurt; E. R. Johnston; R. L. Kent; H. Kohnke; H. P. Leighly; Marie Mayo; J. McFarland; D. E. Miller; G. R. Miller; M. A. Moussa; M. Murphy; E. Nussbaum; P. A. Orpurt; J. B. Patton; R. Petty; S. N. Postlethwait; L. M. Reynolds; A. F. Schneider; M. C. Shanks; J. Siegrist; H. K. White; H. G. Wilhelm; L. Willig; F. J. Zeller; W. A. Zygmunt.
Fellows Committee: H. E. Driver; W. H. Welch; D. E. Miller; B. E. Montgomery; F. K. Daily; K. H. Carlson; R. L. Conklin; C. B. Heiser; E. J. Asker.
Resolutions Committee: L. H. Baldinger, chairman; J. E. Newman; J. M. Smith.
Invitations Committee: H. R. Youse, chairman; R. H. Cooper; W. B. Hopp; W. K. Stephenson; J. D. Webster.
Necrologist: F. K. Daily.
Parliamentarian: P. Weatherwax.
SPECIAL COMMITTEES APPOINTED BY THE PRESIDENT
Biological Survey Committee: J. D. Webster, chairman; L. Chandler; C. B. Heiser; G. C. Marks; R. Mumford; W. H. Welch; F. Young.
Academy Conference Representative (President-elect): H. R. Youse.
Emeritus Members Committee: R. E. Cleland, chairman; E. L. Haenisch; M. S. Markle; H. H. Michaud; W. H. Welch.
Preservation of Scientific Areas Committee: R. 0. Petty, chairman; R. C. Gutschick; C. H. Krekeler; B. Moulton; D. Schmelz; W. J. Wayne; W. H. Welch; R. C. Weber.
Science and Society Committee: W. Johnson, chairman; 0. K. Behrens; M. Burton; J. Christian; R. Cleland; H. Day; W. R. Eberly; P. Klinge; H. Kohnke; A. A. Lindsey; R. Miles; R. Rogers; W. Stephenson; H. Wells.
SPRING MEETING
The Honeywell Center, Wabash, Indiana
MINUTES OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING
April 26, 1968
The meeting was called to order at 4:30 p.m. by Dr. William J. Wayne, President of The Academy, in the library of the Honeywell Center.
The minutes of the Executive Committee and the General Session of the Fall Meeting of The Academy held October 20, 1967 at Indiana University were read.
Treasurer, Dr. Frank A. Guthrie reported Academy funds as follows:
Balance January 1, 1967 $21,685.67
Income for 1967 32,365.22
Expenditures for 1967 37,435.45
Balance, December 31, 1967 17,568.47
The question of instituting an "Affiliate" status for groups such as the Indiana Chapter of the Society of American Microscopists was discussed. It was generally agreed that there should be no official "Affiliate" status, but that if most of the members of a group were also Academy members then any meeting of the group could be considered an official function of the Academy.
A motion was unanimously carried to accept Cell Biology as a full-fledged Division of The Academy.
Auditing Committee: Dr. Robert Cooper reported the books of the Treasurer to be in good shape.
Youth Activities Committee: Dr. W. J. Wayne reported that the Science Search dinner was well attended.
Publications Committee: Dr. W. R. Eberly reported that the coming Volume of the Proceedings will contain several innovations including a complete list of Academy members which will improve its quality. One manuscript is now ready for consideration and another in preparation for the Special Publications Series. The Academy has agreed to support this program, but has not provided means of funding the project. After discussion by Frank A. Guthrie, William A. Daily and Paul Weatherwax, it was suggested that the publication of the monographs might be funded initially by the John S. Wright Fund subject to approval by the Research Grants Committee, and that money from the sales of the first monograph could be placed into a regular publications fund so that it could become self-sustaining eventually. Dr. Cleland suggested that W. R. Eberly and a member of the Library Committee meet with the Re-
search Grants Committee to discuss the matter. Dr. Wayne agreed to coordinate such a meeting.
Membership Committee: Requests have been made to Indiana Chapters of meteorology and cell biology for member lists in order that Sr. M. Rose may send those persons not already members of The Academy applications for membership.
Scientific Areas Committee: The following resolution was adopted unanimously:
Whereas the fate of scientific and natural areas in Indiana is a concern of the Indiana Academy of Science, and;
Whereas this body of men and women believes it is obliged to comment on policies of land use which, in its opinion, run contrary to the best interests, both scientific and civic, of the people of the state, and;
Whereas a proposed reservoir on Big Walnut Creek in Putnam County, Indiana, is now planned which would permanently alter and partially destroy a natural valley landscape on this stream, and;
Whereas this landscape harbors an outstanding system of plants and animals, including surpassing specimens of species which are relicts of an early post-glacial flora, species unusual in their occurrence, and;
Whereas this landscape is deemed of greater value in its present natural condition, and of greater long range benefit to the people of the state as a nature preserve than as a reservoir as now envisioned, and;
Whereas several feasible alternative sites are reported to exist by the Corp of Engineers, and;
Whereas recent evidence has been submitted by the Indianapolis Water Company that future water supply for that metropolitan area is assured without said reservoir due to the newly proposed Mud Creek Reservoir, thus negating one of the major justifications for constructing the disputed reservoir, therefore
BE IT RESOLVED by the Indiana Academy of Science by action of its Executive Committee this 26th day of April, 1968, to stand opposed to the currently planned reservoir on Big Walnut Creek in Putnam County, Indiana, as it is now proposed and to continue to oppose plans for any structure which would result in the inundation of any part of the natural valley landscape north of U. S. Highway 36.
Science and Society Committee: Dr. Willis H. Johnson reported that the speaker's Bureau Brochure was published at a cost of $1000 provided by Eli Lilly. The Progress in Government reported a willingness on the part of Academy members to act in governmental matters involving science.
An invitation from The American Institute of Biological Science to The Academy to become an Affiliate member was declined unanimously.
Dr. W. Wayne suggested that the fall meeting might include a symposium in teaching of high school science and if sufficient interest subsequently developed that a division could be added. Dr. J. List indicated that Indiana Biologists, a group of teachers mainly secondary, could act as a focal organization. Dr. Day reported that a group of high school teachers of chemistry was being organized.
A motion was passed unanimously to change By-Laws, Article I. Dues as follows:
Sec. 1. Initiation fees, reinstatement fees and dues for the various classes or types of memberships shall be determined annually by the Executive Committee.
Sec. 2. Initiation fees are payable only once; reinstatement fees are payable each time a lapsed membership is reactivated. Annual dues are based upon the calendar year.
Sec. 3. A student discount in the amount of 50% of the normal annual dues will be awarded to undergraduate and/or graduate students certified to be eligible for this discount by an Academy member on the faculty of the student's college or university. The student discount is limited to a maximum of five years.
Sec. 4. Advance payment of annual dues, beyond the current year, may be made at the existent rate for a period not to exceed three years, or in the case of students only through the calendar year in which studies should normally be completed, whichever occurs first. Sec. 5. Annual dues billings shall be made by the Treasurer prior to the spring meeting. Delinquent members shall be rebilled prior to the fall meeting. Members delinquent on December 20th shall be sent a third dues billing before December 31st, and if still delinquent on January 31st shall be dropped from the membership rolls. A former member, dropped for lack of dues payment, may be reinstated by payment of both the reinstatement fee and dues for the year in which he wishes to resume membership.
Sec. 6. Each member is entitled to one copy of the Proceedings of the Academy, and any other publications of the Academy distributed to the membership of the Academy, that are published in the year for which dues have been paid.
Sec. 7 Former members who were dropped for non-payment of dues may obtain one copy of the Proceedings, or other publications, published in a year in which they were inactive by either of two methods, provided copies are still available:
a. They may pay the reinstatement fee and dues for the year or years of interest.
b. They may purchase one or more copies at the established non-member price.
The meeting was adjourned at 7:00 p.m.
Approved: October 18, 1968 James R. Gammon, Secretary
FALL MEETING
MINUTES OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING Ball State University, October 18, 1968
The meeting was called to order at 7:30 p.m. by Dr. William J. Wayne, President of the Academy, in Room 103 of the Physical Science and Mathematics Building.
The minutes of the Executive Committee and the General Session of the Spring Meeting of the Academy held April 26-27, 1968, at the Honeywell Center, Wabash, Indiana, were approved.
Treasurer—Dr. Frank A. Guthrie reported the Academy funds as follows:
January 1. 1968 balance $17,568.47
Income to October 15, 1968 12,317.43
Expended to October 15, 1968 8,456.84
Balance, October 15, 1968 21,429.06
Editor—Dr. William R. Eberly reported that the Proceedings will be printed starting next week and that it will contain a number of innovations including a two-part format: Part 1: The Work of the Academy, and Part 2: Addresses and Contributed Papers. An entire member list will also be included.
Research Grants Committee—Dr. O. K. Behrens reported that in conjunction with Dr. Eberly and Miss Nelle Coats, the Committee has worked out the details of supporting the Special Publications Series. It was felt that publications constituted an integral part of research. Therefore, $2,000.00 per annum will be set aside for the next few years to help the new program along.
Six research grants totaling $2,219.00 have been approved.
Trustees of the Academy Foundation—William A. Daily reported Acadamy Foundation Funds as follows:
October 1, 1967, balance $ 625.00
Receipts through September 30, 1968 727.00
Disbursements through Sept. 30, 1968 300.00
Balance, September 30, 1968 1,052.20
In the John S. Wright Fund:
Balance, October 10, 1967 $ 2,491.10
Receipts to September 30, 1968 10,715.33
Disbursements to Sept. 30, 1968 11,740.10
Balance as of September 30, 1968 1,466.33
Youth Activities Committee—Dr. V. Heniser discussed the methods of selection and financial support of the Talent Search Program and the general activities of the Committee. Mr. Winslow noted that 51 clubs are now active in the Junior Academy.
The Library Committee—Miss Nelle Coats reported that the provisions of the Lilly Endowment, Inc. grant were being completed and that only 372 volumes of Natural Features of Indiana remain.
Relation of the Academy for the State—William A. Daily stated that increased support from the State was requested amounting to $5,500.00.
Membership Committee—Sr. Mary Rose reported that efforts to involve more high school science teachers in the Academy continue.
Fellows Committee—Dr. Winona Welch recommended and a motion was approved to accept the following members as Fellows of the Academy:
Dr. James R. Gammon Dr. Helmut Kohnke Dr. Thomas R. Mertens Dr. Jerry J. Nisbet
Emeritus Committee—Dr. Winona Welch recommended and a motion was approved to accept the following members as emeritus members of the Academy.
Dr. Ira L. Baldwin
Mrs. Gladys M. Friesner
Dr. Blanch McAvoy
Dr. John C. Roehm
Invitations Committee—Dr. Howard Youse announced the following colleges as hosts for future Academy meetings: 1969—Hanover College 1970—Indiana State University 1971—Earlham College 1972—St. Mary's College
Biological Survey Committee—Dr. Dan Webster noted that papers on geographic distribution of flora and fauna are diminishing while ecological studies are increasing.
Preservation of Natural Areas Committee—Dr. Robert Petty reported that 248 natural areas listed by counties is now available upon request on computer print-out.
Committee on Science and Society—Dr. Willis H. Johnson reported on the current activities of the three subcommittees.
The Speaker's Bureau Subcommittee chaired by Dr. John Christian is to be congratulated for their work on the brochure containing the names of available speakers and topics which has now been distributed to nearly 4,000 service clubs, women's clubs and high schools in the state. There is good evidence that it is already being used. A poll will be conducted next spring to ascertain the extent of usage and to determine the frequency with which the speakers have been called upon.
Dr. Day and the Subcommittee on Science and Government have discussed ways in which the Academy might offer its services to the State with Lieutenant Governor Rock and leaders of the House and Senate. A list of over 20 subjects of interest to the State was prepared
and the scientists of the state were contacted about serving as consultants on one or more of these subjects. More than 160 scientists responded favorably. All legislators and legislative committees will be informed of this service and a representative of the committee will explain the program to the Governor and the Lieutenant Governor. Each member of the Academy can help further this program by contacting his senator and representative and explaining the available service.
The Subcommittee on Finance reported that efforts to obtain funds for establishing an office with a part-time Executive Director and a secretary have thus far produced nothing. A new program of the NSF, however, has indicated an interest and a proposal will be submitted soon. It was suggested that support might be enlisted from businesses, industries and other organizations through a form of institutional membership. Until outside funds are obtained, a continued budget of $416.42 was requested to continue work on a limited scale.
A motion was approved directing the Science and Society in conjunction with Dr. Weatherwax to prepare an amendment to the Constitution to include an "Institutional" membership to be voted upon at the spring meeting.
Special financing was required for the publication of special addresses to be distributed by the Science and Society Committee. A motion was approved to divert $400.00 toward their publication.
After thorough discussion, a motion was approved to move the time of the Fall Meeting of the Academy from Saturday to Friday. A resolution was passed that the Junior Academy of Science need not change their day of meeting unless they wished to do so.
Dr. Wayne suggested that a short newsletter be mailed to the Academy membership shortly after the Spring Meeting to keep members informed about Academy business. He also expressed the hope that the Science Teaching Symposium could be continued.
The meeting was adjourned at 9:50 p.m.
Approved October 20, 1968.
James R. Gammon, Secretary
MINUTES OF THE GENERAL SESSION
Ball State University, October 19, 1968
The annual Fall Meeting of the Indiana Academy of Science was held in the Auditorium of the Teachers College Building on Saturday, October 19, 1968, at 11:00 a.m. Dr. William J. Wayne, President, called the meeting to order. Academy members were officially welcomed by Dr. Robert L. Carmin, Dean, College of Sciences and Humanities, Ball State University.
The minutes of the Executive Committee meeting held Friday, October 18, 1968, were read by the secretary and approved as read.
Fay Kenoyer Daily read a biographical sketch of each member who had died since the 1967 Fall meeting. These are printed under Necrology.
Dr. Robert H. Cooper then introduced Dr. Robert E. Gordon, Associate Dean of the College of Science, University of Notre Dame, who presented a timely address entitled "Science, Communication and the Critical Mass."
A luncheon for Junior and Senior Academy members was held in Cardinal Hall, Pittenger Student Center, at 12:30 p.m.
The annual dinner meeting of the Academy was held in Cardinal Hall, Pettenger Student Center at 6:00 p.m., Dr. Howard R. Youse, President-Elect, presiding.
Professor James E. Newman of the Resolutions Committee submitted the following resolution: "That the Academy members here assembled express their appreciation to Ball State University for all the courtesies which have been extended to the membership of the Academy during this meeting. We are indebted especially to Dr. James C. List and Dr. LeRoy A. McGrew, Co-chairmen of the Program Committee for their efforts in arranging facilities for this annual meeting. Further, the Academy is appreciative of the warm welcome extended by Dr. Robert L. Carmin, Dean, College of Sciences and Humanities at Ball State University and to Dr. Robert E. Gordon, Associate Dean, College of Science, University of Notre Dame, for his address to the general session." The resolution was approved.
The Secretary presented 65 applications for membership to the Academy. A motion was approved accepting these applicants as members.
Dr. Alton A. Lindsey, Chairman of the Nominating Committee, presented the names of the divisional chairmen for 1969: Anthropology, Robert Pace, Indiana State University; Bacteriology, D. S. Wegener, Indiana University Medical School; Botany, Robert Kent, Indiana Central; Cell Biology, Edward J. Hinsman, Purdue University; Chemistry, John W. McFarland, DePauw University; Ecology, Thomas Mc-
Cornish, Ball State University; Entomology, Jack Munsee, Indiana State University; Geology and Geography, Wilton Melhorn, Purdue University; History of Science, B. Elwood Montgomery, Purdue University; Physics, Richard C. Conklin, Hanover College; Plant Taxonomy, Jack Humbles, Indiana University; Soil Science, James E. Newman, Purdue University; Zoology, James C. List, Ball State University.
The following slate of officers and elected committees were presented for election by Dr. Lindsey: President, Howard R. Youse, DePauw University; President-elect, Frank A. Guthrie, Rose Polytechnic Institute; Treasurer, Damian Schmelz, St. Meinrad College; Director of Public Relations, Paul E. Klinge, Indiana University; Editor, William R. Eberly, Manchester College; (Secretary, James R. Gammon, DePauw University, continues in office for the final year of the three-year term of office); Bonding Committee, Robert M. Brooker, Indiana Central College and Howard H. Michaud, Purdue University (both 1969); Research Grants Committee, James E. Newman, Purdue University (1973). A motion to accept the officers and committee members was approved unanimously.
Dr. William J. Wayne presented a stimulating, illustrated speech which concluded the proceedings.
The meeting was adjourned at 9:00 p.m.
James R. Gammon, Secretary
Approved April 25, 1969
FINANCIAL REPORT OF THE INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE January 1-December 31, 1968
I. ACADEMY ACCOUNTS
A. 1968 Income:
Item or Description Income
Dues and Initiation Fees $ 4,003.00
Reprint Sales to Authors (Balance of Volume 76) 450.40
Publications Fund Income
Sale of "Proceedings" $ 153.00
Sale of "Natural Features of Indiana" 4 20.00
John S. Wright Fund (Partial, Vol. 77) 3,500.00 4,073.00
TOTAL 1968 INCOME: $ 8,526.40
Plus interest credited to savings accounts +886.50
TOTAL 1968 INCOME & CREDITS: Less 1968 Expenditures, below
NET GAIN FOR 1968: $ 1,794.24
Plus Balance, January 1, 1968 +6,925.22
BALANCE, December 31, 1968:
B. 1968 Expenditures: Item or Description
Secretary
Clerical $
Postage, etc. Treasurer
Clerical
Postage, etc. Office Supplies & Expenses Travel Allowance & A.A.A.S. Conf. Dues President's Contingency Fund Membership Committee
Reprints (President's Address, Necrology) Junior Academy of Science Proceedings Publication Costs
Editorial, Vol. 77
Printing, Vol. 77
Mailing, Vol. 77 Program Committee
Chairman's & Local
Printing & Mailing Science & Society Committee Library Binding
From 1967 Budget
From 1968 Budget * 1,000.00
Reprint Costs, Vol. 77 (Authors) *
Mailing, "Proceedings" & "Natural Features" *
TOTAL 1968 EXPENDITURES: $ 7,618.66 $ 4,555.00
* Billings not yet received. ** Plus Publications Income Fund Receipts, above. Self supporting item, not budgeted.
ii. administered accounts
Item or Description
Publications Fund Operational Funds
ACADEMY ACCOUNTS: Acad. Research Fund Science Fair Fund Science Talent Search J.S. Wright Library Fund Lilly Library Fund III Science & Society Committee Miscellaneous
STATE ACCOUNTS: 1
TOTAL IN ALL ACCOUNTS 17,568.47
Bank Balances: Terre Haute First National Bank, Terre Haute, Ind. 3,882.73 Equitable Savings & Loan Assn., Los Angeles, Calif. 5,069.26 First Western Savings & Loan, Las Vegas, Nev. 14,584.60
TOTAL ASSETS IN BANKS AND SAVINGS
ACCOUNTS: $23,536.59
Frank A. Guthrie, Treasurer December 31, 1968
January 24, 1969
We the undersigned have audited the Treasurer's records for the Indiana Academy of Science for the year 1968 and have found them to be accurate and in order.
William G. Kessel, J. Lee Guernsey
INDIANA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
OFFICERS
President: Dennis Waltke, Division of University Schools, Bloomington
Vice-President: James Peterson, Brebeuf Preparatory School, Indianapolis
Secretary: Rachel Koontz, New Haven Senior High, New Haven
JUNIOR ACADEMY COUNCIL
Dr. Howard Michaud, Honorary Chairman, Purdue University
Mr. Keith Hunnings, New Haven Senior High (1965-1969)
Mr. F. Ray Saxman, Cascade High School, Clayton (1966-1970)
Mr. Charles Souers, Div. of University Schools, Bloomington (1966-1970)
Miss Helen Reed, Manual High School, Indianapolis (1967-1971)
Mr. David Blase, Arlington High School, Indianapolis (1968-1972)
YOUTH ACTIVITIES COMMITTEE
Prof. Virgil Heniser, Chairman, Indiana University, Morrison Hall 103 Prof. Donald R. Winslow, Director, Indiana Junior Academy of Science, Div. of University Schools, Bloomington, Indiana 47401
PROGRAM
Thirty-Sixth Annual Meeting Saturday October 19, 1968
8:00 A.M.
Junior Academy Council Meeting.
8:30-12:00 A.M.
Registration and Election of Officers.
8:30-10:30 A.M.
Junior Academy Council Interviews for "Best Boy" and "Best Girl" Awards.
9:00-10:50 A.M.
Tours of Laboratories and Research Facilities or attend the Senior Divisional Meetings or Public School Science Teaching Symposium.
11:00 A.M.
General Session.
Address: "Science, Communication, and the Critical Mass." Dr. Robert E. Gordon, Associate Dean, College of Science, University of Notre Dame.
12:30 P.M.
Luncheon, for Junior and Senior Academies.
2:00 P.M.
General Business and Presentation of Papers. Dennis Waltke, President presiding.
3:45 P.M.
Announcements, presentation of awards.
6:00 P.M.
Annual Banquet. Address by retiring President of Senior Academy, Dr. William J. Wayne.
PROGRAM OF PAPERS
1. Microbial Genetics: The Isolation, Characterization and Genetic Mapping of an Unknown Bacterium.
Sam Combs, Lewis Cass Junior-Senior High School, Walton.
2. The Characterization of East German Fossil Chlorophyll. Sharon Smith, Cascade High School, Clayton.
3. The Extraction of Phytochrome from Green Plants. Jeanne Hagelskamp, Ladywood School, Indianapolis.
4. A Study of the Subcellular Organization of the Leucine Specific Enzymes in Salmonella typhimurium CV-19.
Marcia Stroud, Howe High School, Indianapolis.
5. Effects of Cortisone Acetate on Hemopoiesis, the Hemopoietic Organs, and Growth Rate of Young Rats.
Timothy J. O'Leary, Brebeuf Preparatory School, Indianapolis.
6. Experiments on Pavlovian Inhibition: Inhibition VI. Alan Chepregi, Morton Senior High School, Hammond.
7. The Effects of Drugs on Animal Behavior in Relation to Brain Serotonin and Norepinephrine.
Vann Seawell, University Senior High School, Bloomington.
8. In Vitro Maintenance of Rabbit Hearts on Modified Hank's Solution. Robert Finley McDavid 111, Schulte High School, Terre Haute.
9. Why Do Spiders Spin Different Web Patterns ?
Mark Watness, J. F. Kennedy Memorial High School, Indianapolis.
10. An Observation of Effects of the Hormonal Regulators Kinetin and Benzyladenine on Plant Growth.
Tammey Naab, Huntington County Community High School, Huntington.
11. The Antiballistic Jet-Why ?
Robert Humphreys, New Haven Senior High School, New Haven.
12. Problems in the Construction of Lasers and Masers. Gary Stephen, Portland High School, Portland.
13. Are the Chromosomal Puffs of the Chironomus tentans Influenced by Environmental Factors ?
Martha Ziegelbauer, J. F. Kennedy Memorial High School, Indianapolis.
14. Quenching of Orbital Angular Momentum by Ligand Fields.
V. Stephen Overstreet, Brebeuf Preparatory School, Indianapolis.
15. Can the Silicone Rubber Membrane be Utilized to Separate Oxygen from Water?
Gary Trowbridge, New Haven High School, New Haven.
16. The Development Genetics of the Basidiomycetes and the Formation of Fruiting Bodies in Mycelium.
Brent Kern, Howe High School, Indianapolis.
17. A Study of Base Negative Two.
Lucinda Lee Glentzer, Portland High School, Portland.
18. The Role of Different Areas of the Cerebral Auditory Sensory System in Auditory Response.
Dennis Waltke, University Senior High School, Bloomington.
Hosts
Members of the Portland Junior-Senior High School and Muncie Central High school were hosts for this meeting. Mr. Ralph Settle, Mr. Robert Freemyer, and Mr. William Beuoy were the sponsors.
MINUTES OF THE THIRTY-SIXTH ANNUAL
MEETING OF THE INDIANA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
The thirty-sixth annual meeting of the Indiana Junior Academy of Science was held on Saturday, October 19, 1968 at Ball State Campus, Muncie, Indiana.
One hundred and fifty-five students and nineteen sponsors representing seventeen high schools were registered.
President, Dennis Waltke, called the meeting to order at 2:00 p.m. in the University Auditorium. Previous to this session, members of the Junior Academy had enjoyed tours and lectures in various parts of the campus.
After a joint luncheon for members of both the Junior and Senior Academies in Cardinal Hall at Pittinger Student Center, the business meeting was conducted. Dennis Waltke, president, introduced the other officers: James Peterson, Vice-President and Rachel Koontz, Secretary. Dennis gave a brief welcome. The minutes of the 1967 meeting were read and approved. Eighteen papers were presented as listed in the program.
Following the presentation of the papers, the President of the American Society for Microbiology, Indiana Branch, Dr. Stone, announced the names of the winners of the Society's awards for the best papers in microbiology. Marcia Stroud of Howe High School received
a certificate and a check for $25.00 for her paper entitled, "The Subcellular Organization of the Leucine Specific Enzymes in Salmonella typhimurium CV-19". Honorable mention included Sam Combs and Brent Kern.
Dennis introduced Mr. Keith Hunnings who introduced the new officers and the winners of the best boy and best girl awards. Officers for 1969 are as follows:
Dennis Waltke, President Timothy O'Leary, Vice-President Rachel Koontz, Secretary
The best boy award went to Dennis Waltke, and Marcia Stroud and Rachel Koontz tied for the best girl award. Each received a certificate of recognition, a year's honorary membership in the American Association for the Advancement of Science and a year's subscription to Science magazine.
Next year's meeting of the Senior Academy was set for Saturday, October 25, 1969, at Hanover College. However, because of its extreme southern location, a later announcement will confirm the time and meeting place for the Junior Academy.
Miss Helen Reed announced that she would be distributing summaries of last year's papers directly following the meeting. The academy extended its thanks for her services.
Dennis Waltke adjourned the thirty-sixth annual meeting of the Indiana Academy of Science at 4:25 p.m.
Respectfully submitted by
Rachel Koontz, Secretary Dennis Waltke, President
INDIANA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 1967-1968
Town Club and School
Acton Sigma Mu Chapter of FSA, Frank-
lin Central H. S.
Bedford Bedford Science Problems Research
Group, Bedford H. S.
Bloomington National Scientific Honor Society, Bloomington H. S.
Bloomington E. Wayne Gross Academy, University H. S.
Bloomington MSE Academy, University Junior High
Clarksville Clarksville H. S. Science Club, Clarksville Junior, Senior H. S.
Clarksville Phy-Chem, Our Lady of Providence H. S.
Columbus Science Club, Columbus Senior
H. S.
CrawfordsvilleUp-N-Atom, Crawfordsville H. S.
Evansville Reitz Memorial Chapter of FSA, Reitz Memorial H. S.
Albertus Magnus Science Club, Central Catholic H. S.
Phy-Chem Club, Elmhurst H. S.
Springs Valley Science Club, Springs Valley H. S.
Andrean Biology Club, Andrean H. S.
Fort Wayne
Fort Wayne French Lick
Gary
Gary
Gary Griffith
Mu Alpha Theta, Andrean H. S.
Biology Club, Lew Wallace H. S.
Griffith Junior High Science Club, Griffith Junior H. S.
Sponsor Margaret Richwine
Paul Hardwick
Orville Long
Billie Stucky
Charles Souers
Gerald K. Sprinkle
Sr. Jean Marian
L. N. Carmichael
David Wells Charles Hames
Sr. Winifred
Ruth Wimmer D. L. Clark
Sr. Marie Antoine, SS.C.M.
Sr. Marie Carmel, SS.C.M.
Sr. M. Nadine, SS.C.M.
Lola Lemon
Fred Meeker
Griffith Griffith Senior High Science Club, Geraldine R. Sherfey
Griffith Senior H. S.
Hammond Chemistry Club, Oliver P. Morton Mary J. Pettersen
H. S.
Hartford City Hartford City H. S. Science Club Hartford City H. S.
Highland Science Club, Highland H. S. Jon Hendrix
Hobart Hobart Senior High Science Club, Stanley J. Senderak
Hobart Senior H. S.
Huntington Aristotelian, Huntington Catholic Sr. M. Petrona H. S.
Huntington Science, Huntington H. S. Robert Diffenbaugh
Indianapolis Arlington Science Club, Arlington Robert McClary H. S.
Indianapolis Nature Club, Arsenal Technical Michael Simmons H. S.
Indianapolis Brebeuf Science Club, Brebeuf Donald G. Maines Preparatory School Harold J. Sommer
Indianapolis Science Club, Howe H. S. Jerry Motley
Indianapolis Kennedy Research Center KRC, Sr. Mary Alexandra, Kennedy Memorial H. S. C.S.J.
Indianapolis Mendelian Science Club, Ladywood Sr. Helen Jean H. S.
Indianapolis North Central H. S. Science Club, Robert Prettyman North Central H. S.
Indianapolis Science Club of Westlane, West- John Van Sickle lane Junior H. S.
Indianapolis Science Club, George Washington William Baldwin H. S.
Jamestown Science Club of Granville Wells, Cecil 0. Bennington Granville Wells School
LaPorte Bi-Phi-Chem Club, La Porte H. S. Frances Mr. Gourley
Byron Bernard
Lebanon Junior Explorers of Science, Leb- Tom Ewing
anon Junior H. S.
Logansport Lewis Cass H. S. Science Club Raymond T. Kozer
Madison Madison Science Club, Madison David Dunkerton
Consolidated High
Indiana Academy of Science
Muncie Muncie Central Science Club, Mun-
cie Central H. S.
New Albany Science Club, New Albany Senior H. S.
New Haven New Haven Science Club, New Haven H. S.
Portland Science Club, Portland-Wayne
Township Junior H. S.
Portland Portland Senior H. S. Science and
Mathematics Club, Portland Senior H. S.
South Bend Junior Izaak Walton League, John Adams H. S.
South Bend JETS Junior Engineering 1 Technical Society, Central H. S.
South Bend Second Year Biology Class, Clay H. S.
South Bend IONS Club, J. W. Riley H. S.
South Bend LaSalle High School
Terre Haute Pius X Science Teens, Schulte H. S.
Tipton Tipton H. S. Science Club, Tipton
H. S.
Trafalgar Indian Creek School
Vincennes Sigma Tau Science Club, St. Rose
Academy
William Beuoy Roger Moody
Keith Hunnings E. H. Sanders
Mary Zehner
Ralph Settle Robert Freemyer
Ernest Litweiler
John V. Davis John Marker
Sr. Marie Barbara, S.P.
Richard Garst Fredrick Calhoun
Sr. Anna Margaret Sr. Aloyse
Biological Survey Committee, J. Dan Webster Chairman Publications of 1967-1968
Dealing with the Flora and Fauna of Indiana
Algae:
Bryophyta:
Vascular Plants:
Platyhelminthes:
Crustacea:
Arachnoidea: Insecta:
Pisces:
Palmer, C. M. 1969. Algal records for three Indiana sewage stabilization ponds. In press, Ind. Acad. Sci. Proc. for 1968.
Welch, Winona H. 1969. Hookeriaceae Species and Distribution in North and Central America and West Indies. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 77:351-356.
Beesly, L. and Beesly, Adelle. 1969. Lobelias of Franklin County and Indiana. In press, Ind. Acad. Sci. Proc. for 1968.
Craske, A. G. Jr. 1969. Ecological site preferences within two Acer saccharum - A. nigrum complexes found in Parke County, Indiana. In press, Ind. Acad. Sci. Proc. for 1968.
Guard, A. T. 1969. Some disappearing plant species. In press, Ind. Acad. Sci. Proc. for 1968.
Humbles, J. 1969. Indiana plant distribution records, XX, 1966-68. In press, Ind. Acad. Sci. Proc. for 1968.
Jackson, M. T. and Allen, P. R. 1969. Detailed studies of old growth beech-maple upland forests in Versailles State Park. In press, Ind. Acad. Sci. Proc. for 1968.
Marks, G. C. 1969. The flowering of Lemna minor and the establishment of Centourium pulchellum in northwest Indiana. In press, Ind. Acad. Sci. Proc. for 1968.
Petty, R. O. 1969. Pattern of mesic forest succession at the western border. In press, Ind. Acad. Sci. Proc. for 1968.
Khalil, G. M., and Cable, R. M. 1969. Germinal development in Philophthalmus megalurus (Cort, 1914) (Trema-toda: Digenea). In press, Zeit. f. Parasitenkunde 31.
Isseroff, H. and Cable, R. M. 1968. Fine structure of photoreceptors in larval trematodes. A comparative study. Zeitschrift f. Zellforschung 86:511-534.
Demaree, Richard S. Jr. Indiana State University. 1967. Ecology and external morphology of Lernaea cypri-nacea. Amer. Midland Natur. 78 :416-427.
Parker, T. A. 1969. An annotated check list of the spiders of Indiana. In press, Ind. Acad. Sci. Proc. for 1968.
Schuder, D. L. 1969. A Japanese weevil, Pseudocneor-hinus bifasciatus Ruelefs, discovered in Indiana. In press, Ind. Acad. Sci. for 1968.
Hart, J. T. 1969. A check list of the mosquitoes of Indiana with a record of the occurrence of Aedes in-firmatus D. & K. In press, Ind. Acad. Sci. Proc. for 1968.
Arnett, Patricia M. 1969. A study of Collembolan populations associated with four serai stages leading to the beech-maple climax. In press, Ind. Acad. Sci. Proc. for 1968.
Morgan, F. 1969. Effects of effluent on the fish population of Mill Creek, Rochester, Indiana. In press, Ind. Acad. Sci. Proc. for 19 68.
:m
Indiana Academy of Science
Aves:
Baker, Mrs. H. A. 1968. Breeding- bird census. Grazed, bushy fields and tree-bordered creek. Aud. Field Notes, 21:657.
Indiana Audubon Society Members. 1968. Many titles in Indiana Audubon quarterly Vol. 46.
Smith, Shelia. 1968. Breeding bird census—Suburban edge. Aud. Field Notes, 21:673-674.
Webster, J. D. and West, H. C. 1968. Winter bird population study—Tornado-disturbed beech-maple forest. Aud. Field Notes 22:488-489.
Mammalia:
Whitaker, J. O. Jr. 1967. Habitat relationships of four species of field mice in Vigo County, Indiana. Ecology 48:867-872.
Whitaker, J. O. Jr. 1967. Hoary bat apparently hibernating in Indiana. J. Mammalogy 48:663.
Mumford, R. E. 1969. The hoary bat in Indiana. In press, Ind. Acad. Sci. Proc. for 1968.
All Animals: Gammon, J. R. 1969. The effect of inorganic sediment
on macroinvertebrate and fish populations of a central Indiana stream. In press, Ind. Acad. Sci. Proc. for 1968.
All organisms: Gerwig, F. L. and Crankshaw, W. B. 1969. Effects of
thermal discharge on the phytoplankton and macroin-vertebrates of the Wabash River. In press, Ind. Acad. Sci. Proc. for 1968.
Theses Completed and Placed on File Dealing with the Flora and Fauna of Indiana.
Vascular Plants:
Craske, A. G. Jr. 1968. Ecological site preferences and taxonomic differences within two Acer saccharum complexes found in Parke County, Indiana. M. A. Indiana State.
Nichols, S. A. 1968. The phytocenology of selected Indiana natural areas. M. Sc. Purdue.
Insecta:
Arnett, Patricia M. 1968. A study of Collembolan populations associated with four serai stages leading to the beech-maple climax. M. A. Indiana State.
McWilliams, K. 1968. A taxonomic revision of the North American species of the genus Thermonectus (De-Jean). Ph. D. Indiana U.
Amphibia:
Bausman, G. P. 1968. A comparative study of the habitat and food of sympatric populations of Plethodon dor-salis Cope in south central Parke County, Indiana, during the fall of 1967. M. A. Indiana State.
Work in Progress, but not yet Published, Dealing with the Flora and Fauna of Indiana-Vascular Plants: Petty, R. O. Wabash. Succession in Deciduous forest communities—Rhodes woods, Warren Co. Bremmer Woods, Tippecanoe Co. Casters Woods, Montgomery Co.
Platyhelminthes: Cable, R. M. and students. Purdue. Studies on larval trematodes of Little Pine Creek and their life cycles.
Platyhelminthes: Abbas, M. K. Purdue. Formation of the cyst and factors concerning- excystation of the metaceraria of Microphallus opticus (Trematoda: Digenea).
Pisces: Whitaker, J. O. Jr., and Wallace, I>. C. Indiana State.
Continued studies on the fishes of Vigo County, Indiana.
Mammalia: Whitaker, J. O. Jr. Continued studies on the mammals
of Vigo County, Indiana (parasites, food, habitat, reproduction).
Mammalia: Terrel, T. Ij. Purdue. Ecology of the swamp rabbit in
Indiana.
Necrology
Fay Kenoyer Daily, Butler University
Frederick John Allen Elgin, Oregon Lafayette, Indiana
November 21, 1894 June 20, 1968
Dr. Frederick John Allen was a retired Purdue University Professor of Chemistry at his death June 20, 1968. He was noted for his research in the purification and properties of the rare gases, krypton and xenon, studies of cobalt and its compounds and educational methods in chemistry. He was in charge of writing state tests of Indiana high school chemistry pupils for many years.
Born in Elgin, Oregon, his early education was obtained in that state. A bachelor of science degree in agriculture was obtained from Oregon State in 1917. He came to Indiana then for work at Purdue University where he was an assistant in chemistry 1917 to 1918 and 1920 to 1921 when he received an M.S. degree. He was an instructor at Oregon State College from 1919 to 1922 and at Purdue 1922 to 1929. He was an Assistant Professor of General Chemistry from 1930 until he retired in 1960. He served during World War I at the American University Experiment Station in Washington, D. C.
He joined the Indiana Academy of Science in 1927 and was honored by becoming an Emeritus Member in 1965. During those years he gave a number of papers at the Chemistry Section meetings and served on various committees. Dr. Allen had been a member of the Academy for 41 years at his death.
Other societies to which he belonged were the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Chemical Society. Dr. Allen is listed in Indiana Scientists and American Men of Science.
Dr. Frederick John Allen gave the Indiana Academy of Science his loyal, active support for many years earning the respect and gratitude of the society. He was honored in 1935 by election to Fellow.
John H. Armington Leesburg, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana
December 10, 1873 June 9, 1967
Mr. John H. Armington was known as "the dean of Hoosier weather forecasters" for his pioneer work in this field. Born in Leesburg, Indiana, in Kosciusko County, his schooling was obtained there, and later he taught and was principal of a school there. He studied at both
Valparaiso and Tri-State Colleges, but did not receive a degree. His interest centered around English, Greek and Latin Courses in college. In those early days, a college degree or special course work was not necessary for a government job in the Weather Bureau, so in 1902 he began his career under Henry J. Cox, a weather forecasting pioneer with the Chicago Bureau. In 1914 they were co-authors of a publication of the University of Chicago Press called "the Weather and Climate of Chicago."
Mr. Armington was transferred from the U.S. Weather Bureau in Chicago to the one in Indianapolis in 1914, and had completed 29 years of forecasting at his retirement in 1943. Mr. Armington and his wife celebrated their fiftieth wedding anniversary in 1947. They had a son, John M., and a daughter, Mary E. Mr. Armington was secretary of the Indianapolis Lions Club until the mid-1950's and was cited as its outstanding member in 1949.
He joined the Indiana Academy of Science in 1921 and was interested in the Geology and Geography Sectional Meetings. He presented a paper on "City Smogs in Periods of General Fair Weather" in 1924 and served on the Library Committee for 1931 to 1932.
Mr. Armington enjoyed a long and productive life reaching 93 years of age before his death at home, June 9, 1967.
Everett Tyler Burton Brook, Indiana Battle Creek, Michigan
April 21, 1893 October 21, 1967
Everett Tyler Burton was born in the small town of Brook, Indiana, April 21, 1893. His education was obtained in Indiana receiving a B.A. and M.A. degree from Indiana University in 1920 and 1924 respectively. He also attended Columbia University. During 1917 and 1918, he was a civil engineer with the U.S. Army serving in France. He became a second lieutenant. He was a research engineer for the Bell Telephone Laboratories, New York, from 1920 to 1955. After retirement, he moved to Battle Creek, Michigan, where he was a registered engineer and consultant at the Research Institute of Michigan.
He joined the Indiana Academy of Science in 1920 while at Indiana University, but moved within the year although his M.A. degree was completed at Indiana University in 1924. Then later he resided at Battle Creek, so was an out-of-state member most of the 48 years of membership.
Mr. Burton also belonged to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Society of Military Engineers, Institute of Radio Engineering, Bell Telephone Pioneers and was active in the Methodist Church. He is listed in Indiana Scientists and American Men of Science.
Everett Tyler Burton was 74 years old at his death October 21, 1967, at Battle Creek, Michigan.
Mable Henniger Esten Anderson, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana
October 14, 1898 February 29, 1968
Mable Marie Esten nee Henniger was born October 14, 1898, near Anderson, Indiana. She attended rural public schools and graduated from Anderson High School in 1916. She graduated from Butler University in 1922 and obtained an M.A. degree in 1932.
She taught English and Spanish Courses at Anderson Junior High School from 1922 to 1924. During this period, she met and married Sidney R. Esten who also taught at Anderson High School. A daughter, Virginia, was born in 1924. Both Sidney and Virginia have also been Indiana Academy of Science members. Sidney, deceased, was a high school biology teacher and Virginia teaches in an Indinapolis High School now.
Due to Sidney's influence, Mable became interested in Botany and majored in this subject during graduate study at Butler University. She had taken classwork at Indiana University while Sidney returned to that school for study. She also gave lectures and led nature hikes at Turkey Run State Park from 1927 to 1933. Sidney was naturalist there for the Department of Conservation.
Following graduate work, Mable Esten became an instructor in the Evening Division of Butler University in 1932. She continued teaching both in the day and evening classes until 1953. She returned to teaching in 1958 in the Botany Department of DePauw University and taught until 1961.
Both Sidney and Mable were enthusiastic naturalists carrying their professionl interests into their leisure hours. Both were energetic collectors with Mable's specialty emphasizing button collection showing botanical designs and mythical animals. Her activities in this field won much acclaim and occupied considerable time after her retirement. She was editor of the Button Box, a button society publication, president of the Indianapolis and Indiana button societies, author of several articles in this field and lectured both locally and nationally. After her husband retired, they both contributed valuable material to the dictionary of natural sciences published in 1966 by the Compton Co., Division of the Encyclopedia Britannica, Incorporated.
Mable first joined the Indiana Academy of Science in 1931. Although her membership was not continuous, she belonged many years and contributed papers to the programs. She reported on the ''Beech-Maple Association at Turkey Run State Park" in 1931 and gave a joint paper with Albert G. Dannin on chlorophyll therapy in 1949.
Mable Henniger Esten was honored by election to Phi Kappa Phi, national honorary society, and was a past president of the Indianapolis Alumni Club of Phi Kappa Phi.
Mable died quietly in her sleep February 29, 1968, after suffering a heart attack, one of a series over the past several years. Despite ill health, she had remained active and a cheerful, gracious friend.
Pearl C. Haslanger St. Joseph County, Indiana Mishawaka, Indiana
September 9, 1906 March 21, 1967
Pearl C. Haslanger was Mrs. Martin Haslanger of Lakeville, Indiana. She taught at Clay Junior High School at South Bend. She was born in Union Township of St. Joseph's County, Indiana, and her education was obtained in this state earning a degree at Indiana University. Her husband, Martin, survives as well as a son, Dennis D., a student at Purdue University.
She joined the Indiana Academy of Science in 1962 and was interested in the Geology and Geography Section, Botany Section and the Junior Academy of Science.
In addition to her membership in the Indiana Academy of Science, Mrs. Haslanger was also a member of Detla Gamma Professional Sorority, Zeta Tau Alpha, American Association of University Women and past matron of the Lakeville Chapter, Order of the Eastern Star.
Stricken at 60 years of age, death came after three months of illness to Pearl C. Haslanger, teacher, wife, mother and academy member, all too soon.
Frank E. Louraine Monroeville, Indiana Arlington, Virginia
November 12, 1900 March 16, 1968
Mr. Frank E. Louraine was born on a farm in Allen County near Monroeville, Indiana, November 12, 1900, and attended public school in Allen County where he developed an early interest in history and science. He received an A.B. degree in 1924 and an M.A. degree in 1926 from Indiana University. He was assistant in the History Department of Indiana University from 1923 to 1924.
He went to Saginaw Michigan High School from 1925 to 1929 to teach history and government. Then in 1929 he was a teaching fellow in American History at the George Washington University at Washington, D.C. He joined the Library of Congress staff in 1931 where during his career he worked in the Stack Service, Study Room Reference Service
of the former Reading Room Division and as Reference Librarian in the General Reference and Bibliography Division, Public Reference Section. He became Assistant Head of this section in 1961. He was of special service to researchers in American history and visiting scholars in other fields. He retired in 1965 and after a long illness, died March 16, 1968, at an Arlington Hospital. A brief account of his career was entered in the Library of Congress Bulletin and biographical material can be found in the third edition of Who's Who in Library Service, 1955.
Mr. Louraine had been a member of the Indiana Academy of Science 44 years at the time of his death even though he had resided elsewhere most of the years of membership. The field trips which he attended at Marengo Cave in 1924, the year he joined the society, and the next year at Madison, Indiana, had made a lasting impression on him. Many years later, he recognized Dr. Paul Weatherwax on a visit to the Library of Congress and recalled these meetings with considerable pleasure. Frank Louraine was a fine librarian and graciously accommodated scholars seeking reference material. His services were sincerely appreciated.
Roy McKee Jonesboro, Indiana Gas City, Indiana
August 17, 1903 June 14, 1967
Roy McKee was an excellent teacher at the Mississinewa High School in Gas City, Indiana, and was a leader in the public affairs of his community. He was honored at his death by resolutions from the Mayor and Common Council of that city praising his work as Civil Defense Director, chairman of the committee which organized the Gas City Plan Commission and Gas City Board of Zoning Appeals, and his service on the Plan Commission after organization. In resolutions adopted by the Mississinewa Board of School Trustees, his outstanding leadership during 37 years as teacher and community leader was recognized. Appreciation was expressed for his untiring energy, great insight, rare force, fine tact and love of culture and the beautiful.
He was born at Jonesboro, Indiana, August 17, 1903, where he attended public school. He attended Indiana University and graduated from Marion College with a B.S. degree in 1931. He also attended Purdue and Ball State Universities.
Roy McKee joined the Indiana Academy of Science in 1932 and was interested in the Chemistry, Botany and Zoology Sections. He was a sponsor in the Junior Academy of Science for the Gas City Science Club for several years after its organization in 1936. He served as member of the Council of the Junior Academy of Science from 1944 to 1948.
Roy McKee, good teacher, good citizen and respected Academy member succumbed after an eight month illness June 14, 1967.
Necrology :;7
Millard S. Markle Wayne County, Indiana Richmond, Indiana
November 26, 1883 October 31, 1968
Dr. Millard S. Markle was almost 85 years of age when he died October 31, 1968. His membership in the Indiana Academy of Science had extended over 58 years, a record seldom equalled. He had been a fellow in the society for over fifty years and was quite active until his death. He had attended the Executive Committee Meeting on October 18 and was a participant in the Botany field trip in the spring of 1968, when he was as always affable and helpful. He presented an invited paper at the Academy on the history of Plant Taxonomy and Ecology in Indiana in celebration of Indiana's Sesquicentennial year, 1966. As the editor stated, the authors selected to give papers during this celebration were chosen because they knew Indiana's history best and helped make some of it as well as write about it. Dr. Markle presented many papers before the Academy on a variety of subjects including plant abnormalities, plant ecology, microtechnique, botanical travel reports, teaching bacteriology, and several historical articles. He was President of the Indiana Academy of Science in 1945. His presidential address was entitled "Biology and the Post War World."
On November 26, 1883, Millard S. Markle was born in Franklin, Wayne County, Indiana. This town, 5 miles north of Hagerstown, no longer exists. He later lived in Daviess County and attended school at Washington, Indiana. An early interest in science developed at high school while taking physiology. In the spring of 1904, he was allowed to enter Earlham College before his graduation from high school. This was to enable him to attend college and teach in public schools in the fall and winter terms. He received his B.S. degree in 1910 after being tutored to satisfy high school requirements. Some high school credit was also received for teaching at Tipton, Webster and Green Forks where he was superintendent of schools. He had also attended Indiana State Normal from 1901 to 1902. He taught a year at Earlham and then attended graduate school at Chicago University receiving an M.S. degree in 1913 and a Ph.D. degree in 1915. Dr. Markle's teaching career at Earlham continued during graduate school years. He was Assistant in Biology from 1909 to 1910, instructor from 1910 to 1912, Assistant Professor from 1912 to 1915, Professor of Botany from 1915 to 1918, Professor in the newly formed Biology Department from 1918 to 1954, and was Emeritus Professor from 1954 to 1968.
Dr. Markle contributed many illustrated lectures at the Indiana Academy of Science meetings before the Plant Taxonomy Section. His beautiful color slides for projection were gleanings from interesting field trips and travel sequences. One source of color photographs came from a program for practical instruction on field trips introduced by Dr. David Worth Dennis at Earlham. Dr. Markle continued this policy with annual trips for students to the Smokey Mountains, Georgia and Florida. He also visited our nation's national parks, Europe and Canada.
Indiana Academy of Science
MILLARD S. MARKIJF 1883-1968
He had just visited Africa the summer of 1968 shortly before his death. He also spent much time before and after retirement on the preparation of microscope slides containing materials for use in teaching biology.
Dr. Markle was honored and received positions of trust by the action of several other societies during his career. He was Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, President and Director of the Indiana Audubon Society, President of the Richmond Audubon and Nature Club, President of the Richmond Photographic Society, and was Superintendent of the Sunday School at the West Richmond Friends Meeting. Biographical material appears in American Men of Science, Indiana Scientists, Who's Who in Indiana for 1957 and the Earlhamite.
Memorial services at a West Richmond Friends Meeting, November 10, 1968, gave testimony to the stature of this man. His appreciation of good music, good friends and his responsiveness to other's needs were recognized. His gentle but forceful life was an inspiration to his fellow men and will long be remembered by those fortunate enough to know him.
Neal R. Merritt Pawnee City, Nebraska Wabash, Indiana
July 18, 1899 June 9, 1968
Neal R. Merritt was an Associate Professor of Geology and Geography at Manchester at his death June 9, 1968. There, he had attained a unique popularity by building a workshop next to his home in Manchester in the shape of a Dutch windmill. He covered it with various kinds of rocks collected on his and Mrs. Merritt's travels over the United States, Mexico, Canada and Europe. The rocks created much interest among his students and with his excellent teaching ability generated great popularity for his courses.
Prof. Merritt was bom at Pawnee City, Nebraska, July 18, 1899, but moved to Minnesota where he graduated from high school at Hinckley in 1916. He specialized in social science and English in his undergraduate study. He attended Duluth State Teachers College in 1937, received a B.S. degree from Bemidji State Teachers College in 1941, B.A. in 1952. He received an M.A. from the University of Minnesota in 1950 where he had attended the summers of 1946 to 1950. He also studied science, Spanish and the humanities at Manchester College. His graduate work was in political science, history and education.
Neal R. Merritt was a rural school teacher in Pine County, Minnesota, from 1917 to 1936. During this time he was married and had two children. He was a grade school principal of Indian School, Onigum, Minnesota, from 1937 to 1941; high school teacher and principal at Walker, Minnesota, from 1941 to 1946; history teacher and Dean of
Tracy Junior College, Minnesota, 1946 to 1947; graduate assistant at the University of Minnesota, the summer of 1947; associate professor at Manchester College, Manchester, Indiana, from 1947 to 1968 when he died. He taught world civilization, history, geology and geography. He was author of several articles in educational publications.
Prof. Merritt joined the Indiana Academy of Science in 1966. He was also a member of the Carpenters and Joiners Union, American Legion, Boy Scouts of America, Peru Y.M.C.A., Peru Rocks and Minerals Club, Indiana Historical Society, Indiana Veterans of World War I and was an ordained elder of the Presbyterian Church.
It is regretted that we did not have the pleasure of Prof. Merritt's membership longer than two years.
Frank N. Wallace Chicago, Illinois Washington, D.C.
August 9, 1878 May 24, 1968
Frank N. Wallace, former Indiana State Entomologist, died May 24, 1968, at Washington, District of Columbia, where he had moved in 1961. His great ability and the affection with which he was regarded contributed to a career unparallelled in this state. He had been state entomologist for 43 years under both Republican and Democratic administrations when he retired in 1958. He did more to publicize the Department of Conservation than any living person, and was a pioneer in developing the state park system in Indiana by working with Col. Richard Lieber. He was ever alert to new ways of making our Indiana parks more enjoyable to visitors, and publicized them by giving illustrated lectures on their many assets. His sharp Scottish wit and engaging humor were resourceful in obtaining support in the press and among politicians for his programs. In 1955, Frank N. Wallace was awarded a certificate by then Governor George N. Craig for "outstanding devotion to duty."
Mr. Wallace was born in Chicago, Illinois, August 9, 1879. He came to Indianapolis with his family when he was a small child. He first attended school in this city where the downtown post office now stands on the northeast corner of Ohio and Meridian Streets. He had nearly finished high school when he took a bookkeeping job and continued his education in accounting at the Y.M.C.A. It was this training that opened the opportunity for his career in entomology. Ben Douglas, then state entomologist, asked Mr. Wallace to straighten out the accounting for his office. Under tutorship of Mr. Douglas, Frank Wallace became an authority on insect life. When the Indiana Department of Conservation was established in 1919, Mr. Wallace was made the Division of Entomology Director as State Entomologist. In 1956, Mr. Wallace was awarded an honorary doctor of laws degree by Indi-iana Central College.
Necrology
41
FRANK N. WALLACE 1878-1968
Few persons have lived a more colorful life than Mr. Wallace. When he was a young man, he went to northern Indiana to work on some trees for Gene Stratton Porter, the noted authoress. It was there that he met her secretary, Lorene Miller, whom he married. They had one son, John H. Wallace, Vice-president of the Lausche Instrument Company, now living in Washington, D.C. Mr. Wallace traveled widely in the state and country in pursuit of his profession.
Frank Wallace joined the Indiana Academy of Science in 1920, was made Fellow in 1937 and Emeritus Member in 1966. He served on the Relation of the Academy to State Committee from 1924 to 1961, and he was chairman of the committee most of that time. He has the sincere gratitude of the society for insuring publication funds for the Proceedings during some very difficult years when the state budget was trimmed severely. He was President of the Indiana Academy of Science in 1940. His presidential address on Japanese beetle control in Indiana touched on a subject for which he was commended for significant control measures in this field. His work in eradication of the beetle saved the state thousands of dollars. He also achieved a significant victory over the European corn borer which inflicted heavy losses before it was brought under control.
In addition to the Indiana Academy of Science, Mr. Wallace was also a member of the American Association of Economic Entomologists, Portfolio, Masonic Lodge and the Indianapolis Press Club. He is listed in Indiana Scientists and is the subject of articles in the Indianapolis Star (Dec. 19, 1957), Outdoor Indiana (June, 1958), and the Eastern Indiana Farmer (November, 1958).
New Members for 1968
The following list contains the names and addresses of all new members who joined during 1968. The letter(s) following the address indicates the Division of the Academy in which the member has indicated his major interest, according to the following code:
A—Anthropology
B—Botany
C—Chemistry
E—Entomology
G—Geology and/or Geography
H—History of Science
L—Ecology
M—Mathematics
O—Cell Biology
P—Physics
R—Bacteriology
S—Soil Science
T—Plant Taxonomy
Y—Psychology
Z—Zoology
Dr. Dorothy Adalis, Biology Dept, Ball State Univ., Muncie, Ind. 4730G ZRL
Dr. Ernest M. Agee, Dept. Geosciences, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. 47907 PSG
Miss Judith A. Anderson, 5510 Winston Dr., Indianapolis, Ind. 4622G
Miss Patricia M. Arnett, 822% W. Mulberry, Kokomo, Ind. 4G901 ZD
Mr. Frederick K. Ault, Dept. Chemistry, Ball State Univ., Muncie, Ind. 47306 CDP
Mr. Ned K. Bleuer, Ind. Geol. Surv., Bloomington, Ind. 47401 GSA
Mr. Roger D. Burgess, Dept. Physics, Ball State Univ., Muncie, Ind. 47306 PHM
Mr. N. Franklin Burnett, 11610 Crestwood Court, Indianapolis, Ind. 46239 DLZ
Mr. John M. Burns, Zoology Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind. 47401 Z
Dr. Robt. L. Carmin, Dean Coll. Sci. & Human, Ball State Univ., Muncie, Ind. 47306 G
Mr. Eddie Cass, Dept. Geography, Ball State Univ., Muncie, Ind. 47306 GL
Dr. Richard F. Copeland, Dept. Chemistry, Ball State Univ., Muncie, Ind. 47306 CP
Dr. T. J. Crovello, Biology Dept., Notre Dame University, Notre Dame, Ind. 46556 BLT
Miss Karen D. Curtis, Box 225, RR 1, W. Terre Haute, Ind. 47885 OZB
Mr. John H. Daugherty, Dept. Anat. & Physiol., Indiana University, Blooming-ton, Ind. 47401 ZOP
Mr. Lyndon L. Dean, N. Ind. Public Serv., 5265 Hohman Ave., Hammond, Ind. 46325 G
Mr. George F. Degler, 7939 E. Penway, Indianapolis, Ind. 46226 GLA
Mr. Ralph M. Dinkel, Dept. Geol. & Geography, Indiana State Univ., Terre Haute, Ind. 47809 GSL
Dr. Heyman C. Duecker, Dept. Chemistry, Marion Coll., Marion, Ind. 46952 C
Dr. F. H. Emerson, Dept. of Horticulture, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. 47907 BO
Mr. Larry Enochs, 2764 S. Scottland Dr., Columbus, Ind. 47201 GD
Mr. Albert L. Esterline, 1420 Granville, Muncie, Ind. 47303 EDZ
Dr. J. A. Gross, Dept. Life Sciences, Indiana State Univ., Terre Haute, Ind. 47809 RBZ
Mr. T. E. Habart, RR 3, Box 365, Knox, Ind. 46534 A
Mr. George W. Harrison, Biology Dept., Taylor University, Upland, Ind. 46989 ZEB
Dr. Lester L. Hearson, Dept. Biology, Wabash Coll., Crawfordsville, Ind. 47933 ZO
Mr. Maurice E. Heath, Dept. Agronomy, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. 47907 SL
Mrs. Donna J. Howard, Muncie, Ind. 47302 DBH
Mr. James E. Hughes, 9218 Grace PL, Highland, Ind. 46322 DH
Lt. JG. G. S. Jones, Medical Ecology Dept., USN Med. Res. Unit 2 BX 14, APO Can Francisco, Calif. 96263 ZL
Mr. Gwilym S. Jones, 337 Hilltop Ln., Wyoming, Ohio 45215 LZB
SR. Jean G. Jones, Marion College, 3200 Cold Springs Rd., Indianapolis, Ind. 46222 CP
Mr. Raymond Jones, 3465 Riverside Dr., Columbus, Ind. 47201 DG
Miss Irene Joyce, 246 N. Rensselaer Ave., Griffith, Ind. 46303 D
Dr. Ralph D. Joyner, Chemistry Dept., Ball State Univ., Muncie, Ind. 47306 C
Dr. Ronald E. Kirk, 2707 E. 66th St., Indianapolis, Ind. 46220 Z
Dr. William S. Klug, Dept. Biology, Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ind. 47933 OZ
Mr. Virgil R. Knapp, RR 1, Box 119, Zionsville, Ind. 46077 E
Dr. James M. Kortright, Rose Polytechnic Inst., Terre Haute, Ind. 47803 P
Dr. David C. Kramer, Test Jr. High School, Richmond, Ind. 47374. ZBL
Mr. Edward R. Lavagnino, Eli Lilly & Co., 740 S. Alabama St., Indianapolis,
Ind. 46206. C Dr. Richard M. Lawrence, Dept. Chemistry, Ball State Univ., Muncie, Ind.
47306. C Mr. Don T. Leonard, Biology Dept., Ball State Univ., Muncie, Ind. 4730G.
DLZ Dr. Ralph A. Llewellyn, Rose Polytechnic Inst., Terre Haute, Ind. 47803. P Mr. Francis C. Lundin, Biology Dept., Ball State Univ., Muncie, Ind. 47306.
Z
Dr. Wendell P. McBurney, Indiana University, Morrison Hall 103, Bloom-
ington, Ind. 47401. D Mr. Paul T. McKelvey, Logansport High School, Logansport, Ind. 46947.
CLZ
Mr. Doren G. Martin, Dept. Anat. & Physiol., Indiana University, Bloom-ington, Ind. 47401. RCO
Dr. Charles E. Mays, Dept. Zoology, Depauw Univ., Greencastle, Ind. 46135. OZC
Dr. Clyde R. Metz, Purdue University, Indianapolis Campus, Indianapolis, Ind. 46205. C
Miss Margaret E. Meyer, Rt. 1, Corydon, Ind. 47112. BLZ
Mr. Arthur E. Middleton, Biology Dept., St. Josephs College, Rensselaer, Ind. 47978. DOC
Dr. Arthur Mirsky, Indiana University, 518 N. Delaware, Indianapolis, Ind. 46204. GLH
Mr. Frederic Morgan, Biology Dept., Ball State Univ., Muncie, Ind. 47306. LZB
Dr. William G. Nevill, Purdue University, 1201 E. 38th St., Indianapolis, Ind. 46207. C
Dr. Donald J. Niederpruem, Microbiol. Dept., Indiana U. Med. Center, Indianapolis, Ind. 46202. ROB
Mr. Billy E. Norris, 2201 Belmont, Muncie, Ind. 47304. DZ
Dr. Sidney Ochs, I. U. Med. Center, 1100 W. Michigan, Indianapolis, Ind. 46207. ZP
Mr. Robert E. Pace, 24 Chickadee Dr., Terre Haute, Ind. 47803.
Mr. Thomas A. Parker, Entomology Dept., Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. 47907. ELZ
Mr. George P. Pollock, 1314 S. Sth St., Terre Haute, Ind. 47803. Z
Dr. H. W. Reuszer, Dept. Agronomy, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. 47907. RS
Mr. David T. Rice, RR 5, Frankfort, Ind. 46041. OCY
Mr. Rush L. Robinson, Dept. Anat. & Physiol., Indiana University, Bloom-ington, Ind. 47401. ZCM
Mr. Steve Rudolph, 2800 Capitol Blvd., Evansville, Ind. 47711. COP
Mr. Richard E. Schaffer, Dept. Anat. & Physio., Indiana Univ., Bloomington, Ind. 47401. ZLO
Mr. Neil Schemehorn, 5265 Hohman, Hammond, Ind. 46325. G
Dr. Arthur R. Schulz, Metab. Res. Lab., V. A. Hospital, Indianapolis, Ind. 46202. CHM
Mr. James D. Schwengel, 1557 S. Plaza Dr., Evansville, Ind. 47715. LZD
Dr. Gregory E. Shaner, Botany & Plant Path., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. 47905. BLT
Dr. James E. Shields, 7229 Wynter Way, Indianapolis, Ind. 46250. C
Dr. Arthur C. Singer, Dept. Life Sciences, Indiana State Univ., Terre Haute, Ind. 47803. BZ
Mrs. Shirley F. Smalley, 119 N. 5th, Spiceland, Ind. 47385. DOC
Mr. Kenneth A. Smiles, Dept. Anat. & Physiol., Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind. 47401. OZC
Mr. David E. Smith, 422 Bluebird Dr., Terre Haute, Ind. 47803. CBL
Dr. Phillip J. Smith, Dept. Geosciences, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind.
47907. GPS
Mr. Clifford M. Stamper, Wright State Campus, Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, Ohio, 45431. AG
Dr. Larry K. Steinrauf, I. U. Med. School, Indianapolis, Ind. 46207. CPO
Mr. Bruce N. Storuhoff, Dept. Chemistry, Ball State Univ., Muncie, Ind. 47306. C
Mr. Phillip L. Walker, 214 LI. Crawford St., Elkhart, Ind. 46514. AZL
Dr. Hans W. Wendt, Psychology Dept., Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Ind. 463S3. Y
Dr. Jack M. Whitehead, Dept. Soc. & Anthropology, Ball State Univ., Muncie, Ind. 47306. A
Mr. Woodrow W. Winstead, Rt. 3, Box 202, Newburgh, Ind. 47630. ODL
Mr. Chas. J. Zimmerman, Jr., 1207 Ms N. Grant, Bloomington, Ind. 47401. Z
PART 2
ADDRESSES
AND CONTRIBUTED
PAPERS
Muncie, Indiana October 19, 1968
The address, "Urban Geology—A Need and A Challenge", was presented by retiring president, Dr. William J. Wayne, at the annual dinner meeting of the Academy at the Pittenger Student Center on Saturday evening, October 19, 1968. It is an excellent statement of the necessity of including geological knowledge in many phases of urban planning. Dr. Wayne is currently a member of the Department of Geology of the University of Nebraska. The address by Dr. Robert E. Gordon, Professor of Biology and Associate Dean of the College of Science at the University of Notre Dame, was given at the luncheon meeting on October 19 involving both the Junior and Senior Academy members. His subject, "Science, Communication, and the Critical Mass", deals with the public understanding of science as a function of the ability and effectiveness of the scientist's communication with the public.
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS
Urban Geology—A Need and A Challenge 1 William J. Wayne-
The Scope of Urban Geology
Every use man makes of land is affected by the shape of the land and by the physical properties of the materials that lie beneath the surface. He depends on either the surface or the materials beneath it for food, water, and fuel; for building sites, building materials, and foundation support; for waste disposal; and for recreation.
Geology is the study of the earth. It encompasses investigation of the surface, the materials beneath the surface, and all the natural processes that have produced those materials and landforms. Environmental geology is one of the names currently in vogue for the specific phase of geology that deals with the interrelationships of geologic processes, earth materials, and the ways in which man has met and used this part of his environment.
Where man has congregated in large numbers and most extensively disturbed natural conditions is where most of the conflicts between man and his environment are likely to take place. Thus the geology of man's environment becomes most important in and near urban centers; the term urban geology is virtually synonomous with environmental geology. Urban geology involves the recognition and understanding of those geologic processes that continuously work to bring conditions on the earth's surface toward a state of equilibrium—the natural forces that operate more or less slowly but are powerfully effective in the creation of landscapes and the disruption of some of man's works on those landscapes.
Our population has increased greatly in recent decades, and with that population increase our intensive uses of land have also expanded greatly. Because of this expansion and the resulting elimination of open space surrounding urban centers, we find ourselves having increasingly less freedom to make mistakes in the development of land for uses more intensive than farming.
When an error is made in developing a homesite in a rural environment, rarely is more than a single structure and one family affected; an error of similar magnitude in developing homesites in an urban environment, however, can involve many dwellings and cause incon-
1 Approved for publication by the State Geologist, Indiana Geological Survey, Department of Natural Resources.
2 Indiana Geological Survey; joined Department of Geology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, in September 19G8.
venience and unnecessary expense to many families. It is therefore in and near cities—the areas of large population concentrations—where it is of greatest importance that the men who guide our changes in land use recognize the ways in which natural forces act upon natural materials and upon the works of man. The failure to recognize potentially destructive geologic processes can lead to unnecessary expenses in the urban and urbanizing areas for engineering works, costly damage to structures, and perhaps even the loss of human lives.
Less spectacularly, damage may be to health, or may be limited to the inconvenience of wet basements or backed up drains. Nevertheless, as man's use of land expands, the need to have a complete and thorough knowledge of the geology of his environment becomes continuously more important. The costs of correcting mistakes increase many fold after available open land has been used up.
In comprehensive planning for the future development of a community, all the needs and interests of the area must be inventoried and evaluated. Ideally, potential problems should be forseen early in the planning process so that they can be adequately handled in the ordinances—zoning and others—that make planning effective. One basic phase of a comprehensive planning study—and one that is often neglected —is an evaluation of the geologic resources of the planning area.
The Role of a Geologist
Geologists are well equipped to contribute to several aspects of comprehensive studies in which conflicts of land use frequently arise. Unfortunately, geologists are sometimes asked to help explain the cause of a problem that might have been prevented if they had been consulted before the land was developed. They often find themselves cast in the role of trouble shooters and pessimists rather than advisors who can advance constructive suggestions that will help determine the optimum use of available land.
Application of geologic study to urbanizing environments requires the ability of a generalist who is particularly well versed in geomorphol-ogy, engineering geology, economic geology, and hydrogeology, and who also has an understanding and appreciation of the principles and administration of land-use planning. And he must be able to make the results of his geologic studies readily understandable to and usable by the non-geologically trained professional planners and citizens of the community to whom the decisions regarding urban development are entrusted.
Reports on urban geology should include a brief but adequate review of the general geologic features of the area for which the report is prepared (31). The report must be directed, though, toward specific geologic phenomena that are likely to be of concern in planning the community. Features of the land about which geologists are especially well qualified to supply knowledge and evaluation are: (1) economic mineral resources and potential; (2) geologic conditions that, if unrecognized, could become hazards to property or health; (3) water-
Presidential Address
51
supply potential; (4) waste-disposal sites; and (5) geologic significance of outstanding scenic and educationally stimulating natural areas.
Mineral Resources that Serve Urban Development
Mineral resources that are used extensively in construction, such as sand, gravel, and crushed stone, must be exploited close to their markets (Fig. 1). These resources have a large bulk and low value per ton and are generally surface mined. Maintenance of a high quality supply at a low delivered price is important to the growth of every expanding urban area. To keep construction costs low haulage distances for aggregates must be short, because much of the final delivered price is the cost of hauling (9, 24, 25).
"2|L,
^"""If '-'
m
Figure 1. Gravel pit in suburban area of Indianapolis (13, pi 5A) where operation is almost completely surrounded by urban land uses. A worked-out part of the pit not visible in this photograph has been reclaimed for recreational uses.
One of the most important pieces of information that a community should include in a comprehensive planning study is a map showing the distribution of potentially workable reserves of mineral resources. It is of no value to permit mineral extraction from land that has no mineral-resource potential, yet to restrict the industry from land that does. Only after the availability of the resource is known can a planner evaluate a particular area of a surface mineral resource and recommend a zoning ordinance that reflects that evaluation. Such a study was prepared for Marion County, Indiana, in 1958 (12) as a by-product of a county mapping project (13) and was used in designing zoning regulations for the county.
Among the major objections voiced by residents of many communities to the opening or continued operation of gravel pits, clay pits or crushed limestone quarries are the traffic, the dust of processing, the noise and rocks of blasting, and the resulting wasteland they must live with after the resource has been worked out (26). Some mineral-resource operators have become increasingly aware of this criticism in recent years, and many of them are becoming sensitive to the desires of their communities that they leave the worked-out land in a readily usable condition.
Mineral producers should be invited to participate in the development of operating standards to control traffic, noise, and dust that both they and their neighbors can accept and of subsequent land-use plans for the area when they leave it (1). The concept of sequential land use applies particularly well to the surface-mined bulk mineral commodities used in construction. While the deposit is being worked the land can be shaped according to a predetermined design, so that it will fit well into a second planned use after the resource has been worked out and the equipment removed (21). Reclamation according to such a plan is much less expensive than reclamation after abandonment. In many places the graded and shaped abandoned pit or quarry will have great value to the community as a recreation site, or as building lots, or an industrial site; thus it can be made into a desirable and productive area rather than a wasteland that remains an eyesore or health hazard (3).
Natural Hazards
Many millenia are needed for natural processes to create landscapes. Landscape-producing forces work in small increments, however, and only small amounts of time are required for some of these to take place. The force of earth or rock moving across an unstable slope or of flood water passing down a valley is great, and where the works of man happen to stand in the way, they may be damaged or destroyed.
Some natural hazards to life or property cannot be predicted well enough to let us avoid them entirely—the path of a particular tornado, for example. Many "accidents of nature" that result from failure to understand some fundamental geologic processes, however, can be recognized by an alert geologist and their potential for damage forecast so that land uses and construction standards can be designed to reduce or eliminate the danger.
From the earliest of civilization, man has used rivers for transportation, water supply, and waste removal. Consequently he has found the land along the rivers desirable places to build communities in spite of the knowledge that high water would come regularly; he accepted this inconvenience for the advantages of being able to use the river the rest of the time.
The flood plain, though, is the domain of the stream that built it. It is the relief valve of the river—the place where the excess water can spread
Presidential Address
53
out and slow down when upstream areas and tributaries deliver more water than the channel can carry. When man forgets this or fails to recognize it, he and his works can be damaged.
We no longer use any but the largest rivers for transportation. We have, however, inherted the floodplain locations and have developed them even further. One of the results of urban expansion on floodplains has been an increasingly great property loss and inconvenience each time a heavy runoff causes the land to be inundated. Increased urbanization upstream in the drainage basin also increases the runoff rate (11, 19). Thus we have had to design and build expensive flood control works to protect our investments from the inevitable high water.
Flood plains are underlain by sediments dropped by a river in flood. They are a normal unit on most geologic maps; therefore their delineation is one of the contributions of a geologic study to the planning process. Land-use regulation that restricts construction of damageable structures from areas of flooding is a far less expensive way of reducing future flood damage than is building more and bigger retaining structures and levees. Identification of flood plain land by geologic or soils mapping permits it to be zoned as future open land.
Gravity and water combine to produce downslope movement of masses of loose rock or soil on many hillsides. The degree of stability or instability of a particular slope is largely a factor of both steepness and moisture content and the kind of material that underlies it. For example, slopes of 1:1 are generally stable in the mudstones of Morgan County and western Brown County, Indiana; slopes of 2:1 are normally stable in unweathered young glacial till of central Indiana; but slopes of 3:1 are required for stability in the thick weathered part of the
plant fragments cherl-y residuum
thin-bedded limest-one
Figure 2. Terain sketch and diagram of the geology along State Road 46 in Owen County where mudflows and slump have resulted from an over-steepened slope and a perched water table held by a thin Pleistocene clay bed.
Indiana Academy of Science
older glacial tills of southern Indiana. Where unusual conditions exist, such as a clay bed that serves to inhibit downward movement of moisture within a sequence of silty glacial sediments (Fig. 2), even more gentle slopes may develop.
Slopes that seem to be stable under natural conditions may become unstable if moisture content, loading, or steepness should be increased through urban development. Such an alteration is likely to result in slumps, slides, mudflows (Fig. 3), and, in areas of bedrock, rock falls, and rock slides. At the least, such mass wasting induced by changes in slope equilibrium is likely to bring on expensive maintenance problems, such as removal of debris from the base of road cuts (Fig. 3) or rebuilding retaining walls. Where structures are built on such slopes, damage or destruction can be extensive. In addition to the natural phenomena that can take place, recent studies in Illinois (34) have shown that the addition of detergents, such as those found in laundry wastes and septic tank effluent, to unconsolidated clayey sediments will decrease the strength of the material and increase its tendency to move downslope.
Most slopes that are likely to become unstable can be recognized in the field by a geologist who is trained in their evaluation; the local significance of this natural process should be reviewed in every geologic study for land-use planning (18, 28).
Not all land underlain by sensitive materials is on slopes, however. Areas underlain by muck, peat, marl, and other soft sediments that ac-
Figure 3. Mud flow on road cut in weathered Illinoian till along State Road 37 near Morgan-Monroe county line. The high clay content of the weathered till prevented it from remaining stable at the original cut dimensions, although a similar cut in unweathered till probably would have remained stable at that slope.
cumulated under conditions of ponding but are now above water level are outlined on those geologic maps that show surface materials in detail. Such sediments are unusually common in Indiana in resort areas around the natural freshwater lakes, as well as in some other parts of the state where bodies of water have been completely filled by sediments. These materials are not stable for foundations, and normal construction procedures cannot be used if they are developed intensively for urban uses. The high water table normally present would also create drainage and waste-disposal problems. Recognition and delineation of this material in the planning process is important if the land is to be used without danger or damage to its occupants.
Underground mining produces underground void space. Abandoned mine openings collapse and cause minor subsidence at the surface. Maps of underground mines on file in the offices of the Indiana Geologic Survey provide for Indiana the kind of information needed by planners who would avoid such land for construction until it has again become stable.
Water Supply
An automobile in every garage and electric power for every home made possible the development of large residential housing additions far from the edges of cities that would normally supply the utility needs of large numbers of families. Subdivisions have been created where each home has a private water supply and an electric pump to deliver the water to the home. Not all attractive home sites in Indiana have enough available ground water to supply a private home, though. And construction of several rural schools has been well along before anyone realized that some water supply other than a well drilled on the school grounds would have to be found before the school could open for classes.
An evaluation of the ground-water resources of the planning area should be included as a part of a comprehensive plan and should be available for the use of planning commissions in every urbanizing area. Hydrogeologic maps, which provide such an evaluation, can be prepared by a geologist, using the basic data derived from a geologic map and data on existing water wells. In Indiana generalized maps of this kind suitable for county and city planning purposes are being prepared by geologists in the Division of Water of the Department of Natural Resources (27).
Not all impoundments hold enough water to become ponds or lakes. Artificial lakes, both large and small, have been built over materials that allow the water to leak out as fast as it runs in as well as in places that are watertight. A geologic report for planning purposes would outline those places where high leakage rates could be expected and areas where lakes and ponds can be built successfully. Had such information been available and in use by the plan commissions of Indiana cities and counties, many investments and tax dollars of Indiana citizens could have been saved during the past quarter century.
Waste and Refuse Disposal
Different geologic materials and the soil profiles developed on them have different capabilities for absorption and transmittal of moisture. Although detailed planning for septic tank disposal fields probably is better done from a modern soils map and field studies, broad aspects of planning for on-site disposal of liquid household wastes can be done readily from the data available in a geologic study.
Movement of liquid wastes from the soil downward to the water table is an aspect of sewage disposal, though, that requires the attention of a geologist. Surface water that seeps downward through soil and highly permeable materials such as sand or gravel and fractured, weathered, or cavernous rock is likely to carry with it surface contaminants. Where sewage and other liquid wastes are disposed of in the soil, some of them are likely to be flushed downward, particularly during periods of heavy rainfall. Runoff from livestock feed lots is another source of concentrated contaminants that has entered and damaged some groundwater aquifers in Indiana.
In some parts of Indiana, where closely-spaced houses depend on both water wells and septic tanks, water supplies high in coliform bacteria are not unusual. Even though the bacteria may be filtered or have time to die before reaching a well intake, some wells have been seriously affected by a high nitrate content, which may cause illness, or by other chemicals or detergents that manage to reach an aquifer. A geologic report to a plan commission should outline areas where migration of liquid wastes is likely to damage nearby water supplies.
Septic tank disposal fields do not all function effectively—many are open to the surface. Nutrients from this effluent can cause very rapid eutrophication of lakes downstream, as can barn lot and pasture runoff.
When solid wastes are made part of the earth as in a dump or a sanitary landfill, they begin to undergo the same processes as do natural earth materials. Some of the rainwater that lands on the surface permeates the earth and passes through the soil and rocks on its way to a discharge area or to the water table. While it percolates through earth materials it dissolves any substances that may be soluble and carries the leachate away as part of the ground water. After it migrates beyond the limits of the landfill the leachate from a sanitary landfill can be expected to behave as would any vadose or phreatic water in the same geologic environment.
Our present knowledge about leachate migration is too meagre to permit us to speak in authoritative terms, although landfills that are located in impermeable or slowly permeable materials such as shale, clay, or clayey till or are separated geologically from an aquifer by such materials probably are unlikely to cause any contamination of ground water. Landfills in permeable materials, though, particularly limestone or dolomite, are likely to yield a leachate that will migrate rather rapidly and may cause considerable damage to underground water sources
(5, 20, 33). Areas geologically favorable and unfavorable for solid waste disposal sites should be outlined in every geologic report prepared as part of a comprehensive planning study (16).
Natural Areas
Where people are, they are expected to go to school, and they want to recreate. Many outstanding scenic areas or unusual outcrops that have geologic significance have been lost to recreation or education because they were not recognized by those who plan future land use, although they may have been well known to geologists, ecologists, and naturalists for a long time. Some of these areas, if the land is to be most advantageously used, probably should be considered for preservation as natural areas or for development into park sites. The geologist is remiss in his responsibility if he neglects to call attention to such areas so that the planner can understand their significance before they have been overwhelmed by urbanization. Once destroyed, they cannot be reclaimed (15).
Programs of Research in Urban Geology
Less than a decade ago, few geologists and fewer planners seemed to be aware of ways in which geologic data could be applied to land use problems (29). More recently, though, the United States Geological Survey has recognized the need to provide geologic data for use in land use planning (17). Several state geological surveys, most notably those of California and Illinois, have also undertaken studies intended to supply geologic information to planners (2, 6, 7, 10). The Indiana Geological Survey has provided reports to a few plan commissions or their consultants on request during the past decade; some of the reports have been published (8, 12, 30), and others are available only as file reports.
Some of the data needed to prepare geologic reports for use in comprehensive land-use planning studies of rapidly urbanizing parts of Indiana have been acquired by Indiana Geological Survey geologists as part of other studies during the past 15 to 20 years. Several specific new research programs will be needed, though, if our geologists are going to be able to answer the kinds of questions that we can now anticipate. At this time I would like to suggest the following program of research in urban geologic studies for Indiana:
1. The preparation of county or urban community geologic reports. —Geologic reports must be written specifically for use by a city, county, area, or metropolitan plan commission that is developing a comprehensive study of its area of jurisdiction and must be directed to that audience. A standard geologic report does not provide the needed information without interpretation. Table 1 is an outline that has served well in the preparation of such reports and can be adapted to most areas in Indiana and other midwest states.
I
Indiana Geological Survey geologists have prepared several county or community reports at the request of plan commissions or their consultants during past years, but many requests for information were received too close to the planning organization's deadline to permit the geologist to do more than quickly draw together a report based on information on hand but acquired for some other purpose. Unfortunately such reports will be as variable in quality and in value to the user as the amount and quality of data on hand for the geologist to use in their preparation. A special research program could anticipate areas for study far enough in advance that most rush jobs could be avoided when specific requests are received.
Geologic mapping for urban studies must be done on as large a scale as is practicable. At one time, maps prepared at 1 inch to 1 mile (1/63,360) were considered adequate and maps at 1/250,000 and 1/125,000 were thought satisfactory for many purposes. Urban studies will require greater detail, however. California geologists are mapping some urban areas on a scale of 600 feet to the inch (2), and the flood-way mapping program of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers is being done on an even larger scale.
County mapping for land-use studies probably will be satisfactorily presented on a map with a scale of an inch to the mile. Maps for a pilot study of Madison County, Indiana are being prepared at an inch to the mile although they were compiled at a scale of 1/24,000 (32). Highly urban areas as well as complicated or problem areas probably should be presented on a larger scale, however. The study should include a basic map showing the distribution of surficial geologic units described in a non-technical style and must be supplemented by a series of geologic planning maps on which attention is called to specific aspects of geology as related to land use (Table 1). These maps would include waste disposal, ground-water potential, slope stability, economic materials, and other subjects that may be appropriate (10, 16, 22).
2. Geologic studies of ground-water contamination. —Small scale studies of some wells in the limestone terrane of south-central Indiana a few years ago led to a recommendation presented in Bulletin S. E. 15 of the State Board of Health that much of the bacterial contamination of wells in such regions can be reduced or eliminated entirely by a more positive seal to prevent the entrance of surface water and storm water into the open annular space around the casing of a well (Fig. 4). Research in urban geologic problems should include additional studies of this kind in other geologic environments, undertaken on the university level or cooperatively by the State Board of Health, Division of Water, and the State Geological Survey.
3. Migration of landfill leachates. —Although contaminants are known to have reached the water table and to have migrated away from a landfill site under some conditions (4), few studies have been undertaken to determine the significance of different geologic conditions on the movement of leachate from sanitary landfills. Such a study has
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been proposed on a state level in Indiana, to be done by three state agencies jointly. Detailed geologic and geophysical investigation of a study area in each of six different geological environments will be the responsibility of the Indiana Geological Survey. A water sampling program and water-quality analysis in and around each pilot site and the hydrology and evaluation of leachate migration and dilution will be undertaken by the State Board of Health and the Division of Water.
Space filled with cement grout.
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Figure 4. Many water wells in the areas of shallow bedrock in Indiana have been completed without sealing the annular space around the casing of the well to a great enough depth to keep seepage of contaminated vadose water from entering the hole. If the annular space has been left open or has been backfilled loosely with soil or with cuttings, it remains a conduit through which surface water can drain downward rapidly and enter water-producing zones. Wells in which this space has been filled with cement grout or, under certain conditions, with thick drilling mud, and in which the sealed casing extends downward far enough to keep out surface waters in permeable or cavernous rock, are not likely to be damaged by polluted surface water.
4. Reclamation of quarried wasteland. —Worked-out and abandoned land from which bulk mineral-industry commodities have been removed is a wasteland near many urban areas. Unconsolidated materials, such as gravel and sand, can be reshaped by a subsequent land owner if necessary, but the sand and gravel industry has started a continuing program of research to find better and more economical ways of preparing the land for re-use (14). Land underlain by consolidated rocks such as limestone are much more difficult to reclaim for subsequent productive use. A study of the rock properties that affect reshaping land as well as other possible techniques of converting worked-out land
at a reasonable cost might reduce the time involved for sequential beneficial use.
5. Damages from natural hazards of geologic origin. —Though much less spectacular in Indiana than in California (18) or Alaska (23), natural hazards exist in the state, and damages have taken place. Both field and laboratory studies of the geology and geometry of stable and unstable slopes would help in recognizing the conditions that produce instability of earth materials and in predicting more accurately where and under what conditions problems will occur in each geologic environment.
Such a research program as this will have to be undertaken as soon as possible if we are to be able to apply our geologic sophistication to aid in the solution of these urban problems where geologic data can help. The longer we wait to start, the longer we will find ourselves forced to answer questions without sufficient information. If planners are to call on geologists for help, the geologists must be in a position to supply it.
The Training of Geologists for Urban Studies
As a newly-developing use of geologic information, urban geology requires that the geologist limit his presentation and evaluation to those aspects of geology that apply directly to land use problems. It is an applied field of geology in which the practitioner needs to understand not only the geologic aspects of the problems but must also be aware of the principles and techniques of the land-use planning profession. Until 1967 few, if any, colleges and universities presented course material to train geologists to consider this field for employment. Some of the geologists who applied their knowledge to the solution of urban problems had picked up their background in the needs of communities through service on local planning commissions, and others did so through encountering the problems in the course of routine geologic studies and becoming interested in solving them. Most frequently the man was an engineering geologist, a ground water geologist, or an economic geologist.
Within the past year, a few universities have offered courses in urban and/or environmental geology. At Indiana University I presented a series of non-credit evening lectures on the subject in the spring semester of 1967 and offered a 3-hour credit course in it in the spring semester of 1968. At the same time Dr. James Hackett left the Illinois State Geological Survey to set up a graduate program in environmental geology at Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Paul Hilpman of the Kansas Geological Survey began teaching a two-semester course in urban geology at the University of Missouri in Kansas City in 1967, and an evening course was offered at Oregon in the spring of 1968. The University of Nebraska also has just added to its curriculum a one-semester course in the subject to be taught for the first time in 1969-70.
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The Indiana course, as well as the one to be offered at Nebraska, was intended to introduce students to the ways in which geologic data can be used to help solve problems in land-use planning. It was designed to follow a course in physical geology and to present the subject to undergraduate majors and minors as well as provide a course in land use applications of geology to non-majors. At Indiana it was especially popular with graduate students in earth-science education. Those who had completed and done well in only one course in geology were able to complete the course successfully, but the amount of classroom participation was directly related to the geologic background of the individual students. No textbook exists that is suitable for this course, but the use of selected readings, many of which are cited here, provided material that was current as well as appropriate.
For a geology undergraduate who would like to direct his professional efforts into this field, the normal B. S. requirements in geology should be met if possible, but electives would have to include such courses as urban geography, land-use planning, and other courses in urban studies. It would be possible at Indiana University to qualify for a certificate in urban studies along with a strong A.B. degree in geology. On the graduate level a seminar in urban geologic problems coupled with regular advanced courses in hydrogeology, economic geology, limnology, and engineering techniques in geology would provide the required background to become a successful urban geologist.
A non-geologist who enters any phase of land-use planning should anticipate the inclusion of a course in urban geology about his fourth year, after he has acquired an adequate background in beginning geology and related courses in geography and allied subjects to enable him to master the material presented. He would not, of course, be trained to make geologic studies, but should at the conclusion of a course in urban geology be able to read a geologic report with understanding and to recognize the need for a geologic study in the planning process.
Summary
Urban land uses are rapidly converting open land into intensively used land. Generally, in planning those uses, a comprehensive study has included everything except an evaluation of the land in three dimensions. Geologists are eminently well equipped to supply the missing data, but they must also be aware of the needs of the urban community and the kinds of information needed by planners if they are to write reports usable by planners. Urban and environmental geology is a newly expanding field in the use of geologic data to help solve some urban problems in the planning stage. It is likely to become a part of the curriculum in many college geology departments within the next few years.
Literature Cited
1. Ahern, V. P. 1964. Land-use planning- and the sand and gravel producer. National Sand and Gravel Association, Silver Spring, Maryland 30 p.
2. Campbell, Ian, and B. W. TROXEL. 1965. Geologic hazards. California Div. Mines and Geology, Mineral Info. Service 18:161-163.
3. Carnes, W. G., and others. 1966. Landscape reclamation. Landscape Architecture, January 1966 (9 papers on reclamation of worked-out land).
4. Cartwright, Keros, and M. R. McComas. 1968. Geophysical surveys in the vicinity of sanitary landfills in northeastern Illinois. Groundwater 0:22-30, 8 figs.
5. Deutsch, Morris. 1963. Groundwater contamination and legal controls in Michigan. U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1961. 79 p., 23 figs.
6. Flawn, P. T. 1965. Geology and urban development. Baylor Univ. Geol. Studies, Bull. 8:5-7.
7. Frye, John. 1967. Geological information for managing the environment. Illinois State Geol. Survey, Environmental Geology Notes 18. 12 p.
8. Gates, G. R. 1960. Geologic considerations in urban planning for Bloom-ington, Indiana. Indiana Geol. Survey, Rept. Prog. 25. 21 p., 1 pi., 1 table.
9. Goldman, H. B. 1959. Urbanization and the mineral industry. California Div. Mines, Mineral Info. Service. 12(12) :l-5, 9 figs.
10. Hackett, J. E. 1968. Geologic factors in community development at Illinois. Illinois State Geol. Survey, Environmental Geology Notes, No. 22. 16 p., 4 figs.
11. Harris, E. E. and S. E. Rantz. 1964. Effects of urban growth on streamflow regime of Permanente Creek, Santa Clara County, California. U.S. Geol. Survey, Water Supply Paper 1591-B. 18 p.
12. Harrison, Wyman. 1960. A special report on the geology of Marion County, Indiana. Metropolitan Planning Commission of Marion County, Mineral Res. Rept. 1. 53 p., 1 pi., 13 figs., 4 tables.
13. Harrison, Wyman. 1963. Geology of Marion County, Indiana, Indiana Geol. Survey, Bull. 28. 78 p., 5 pis., 11 figs., 4 tables.
14. Johnson, Craig. 1966. Practical operating procedures for progressive rehabilitation of sand and gravel sites. National Sand and Gravel Assn. Project No. 2. 75 p., 71 figs.
15. Lindsey, A. A. 1968. Indiana's new system of scientific areas and nature preserves. Proc. Indiana Acad. Science, 77:75-83.
16. McComas, Murray. 1968. Geology related to land use in the Hennepin region. Illinois State Geol. Survey, Circ. 422, 24 p., 10 figs., 2 tables.
17. McGill, J. T. 1964. Growing importance of urban geology. U.S. Geol. Survey, Circ. 487. 4 p.
18. Morton, D. M., and Robert Streitz. 1967. Landslides. California Div. of Mines and Geology, Mineral Info. Service. 20:123-129, 135-140.
19. Savini, John, and J. C. Kammerer. 1961. Urban growth and the water regimen. U.S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 1591-A. 42 p.
20. Scheaffer, J. R., Berndt von Boehm, and J. E. Hackett. 1963. Refuse disposal practices in northeastern Illinois. Northeastern Illinois Metropolitan Area Planning Commission, Tech. Rept. 3, 72 p., 13 figs.
21. Schellie, K. L., and D. A. Rogier. 1963. Site utilization and rehabilitation practices for sand and gravel operations. National Sand and Gravel Assn. Spec. Rept. 80 p., 47 figs., 4 tables.
22. Schltcker, H. G., and R. J. Deacon. 1967. Engineering geology of the Tualatin Valley region, Oregon. Oregon Dept. Geology and Mineral Industries, Bull. 60. 103 p., 4 pis. 45 figs., 5 tables.
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23. Schmidt, R. A. M. 1964. Geology in a hurry. Geotimes 0(3):13-15. 2 figs.
24. Sheridan, M. J. 1967. Urbanization and its impact on the mineral aggregate industry in the Denver, Colorado, area. U.S. Bur. Mines, Info. Circ. 8320. 53 p., 28 figs.
25. Stephenson, R. C., and others. 1966. The interaction of urbanization and the mineral industries. Ohio State Univ. Nat. Res. Inst. Ann. Symposium 1965 (collection of 10 papers).
26. Stollman, Israel. 1962. Land-use control in the surface extraction of minerals, Part 1. Am. Soc. of Planning Officials, Planning Advisory Service, Info. Rept. 153. 17 p.
27. Uhl, John. 1966. Water resources of Johnson County. Indiana Dept. Natur. Res., Div. Water.
2 8. Varnes, D. J. 1950. Relation of landslides to sedimentary features, p. 229-246. In Trask, P. D., ed., Applied Sedimentation. New York, J. Wiley & Sons, Inc.
29. Wayne, W. J. 1960. Geologic contributions to community planning. Unpublished manuscript of paper read at Am. Assn. Advancement Sci. meeting, Dec. 1960, 20 p.
30. Wayne, W. J. 1968a. Geology of Morgan County (unpublished). Morgan Co. (Indiana) Plan Commission. 25 p., 2 pis., 3 figs.
31. Wayne, W. J. 1968b. Urban geology as a necessity. Indiana Governor's Conf. on Nat. Resources, Feb. 27, 1968. p. 19-21.
32. Wayne, W. J. in preparation. Urban geology of Madison County. Indiana Geol. Survey, Special Report.
33. Weaver, Leo. 1961. Refuse disposal—its significance, p. 104-110. In Ground Water Contamination Symposium volume. Taft Sanitary Eng. Center, Tech. Rept. W 61-5.
34. White, W. A. and S. M. Bremser. 1966. Effects of soap, a detergent, and a water softener on the plasticity of earth materials. Illinois State Geol. Survey, Environ. Geology Notes 12. 15 p.
Table 1. Outline of a geologic report to be used as part of a comprehensive planning study
1. Introduction
a. Location and limits of area
b. Purpose for which report is written
c. Nature of the data available for preparation of the report (whether reconnaissance or detailed in nature, extent of field observations by author, how compiled, availability of reference material)
2. Summary of any highly significant problems
3. Regional geology—brief statement about geological setting of area
4. Geology of area that may apply directly to land use studies
a. Topographic elements (description of major terrane features, major drainage lines, and upland areas; origin of features may be mentioned but only to extent needed to aid in understanding description.)
b. Earth materials
1.) Distribution, characteristics of consolidated rocks 2.) Distribution, characteristics, thickness of unconsolidated materials, including floodplain sediments (For each unit at the surface, treatment should include such characteristics as drainage, lithology, permeability, attitude, jointing, bedding, bearing strength, and any unusual conditions such as planes of weakness, zones of uneven stability, high temporary water zones, solutionally enlarged openings. The major characteristics of each geologic unit used can often be conveniently summarized in a table or chart.)
c. Geological processes of importance
1.) Weathering (type, products, depth, significance)
2.) Mass wasting
3.) Stream erosion and deposition
4.) Shoreline erosion and deposition
5.) Earthquakes
5. Mineral resources
a. Distribution of known and potentially exploitable mineral resources
b. Relationship of each local resource to local and regional economy
c. Reclamation of worked-out and abandoned surface mines
6. Water resources
a. Potential ground-water aquifers of area
1.) Evaluation of each unit (note outstanding features, good and bad, regarding reliability, quantity, quality of water)
b. Surface water resource potential
1.) General statement on streamflow 2.) Prospective impoundment sites
7. Waste disposal
a. Liquid wastes—septic tank method of on site disposal—evaluation of each geological unit and the effect on ground water and surface water of disposal over it.
b. Solid wastes—geological significance of sanitary landfills; evaluation of the geologic environments in the study area and the effect landfills in each one may have on local water quality.
8. Areas likely to cause unusual problems or hazards to urban development
a. Flood plains
b. Areas of potential slope failures and unstable foundation materials
c. High water table
d. Earthquake potential
9. Geologic features of unusual scenic attractiveness or educational value 10. References
Illustrations
1. Basic maps
a. Areal geology
b. Surface geomorphic elements
c. Bedrock topography (in glaciated areas)
d. Bedrock geology (if different from areal geology) c. Bedrock structure where significant.
2. Applied maps
a. Natural hazard map
1.) Floodplains, landslide or slump areas, unstable foundation areas, high water table areas.
b. Thickness of unconsolidated materials
c. Mineral resource map(s)
1.) Areas likely to contain commercially exploitable resource, distinguished from total area where that resource is at or near the surface
2.) Oil and gas map, including extent of current and abandoned pools and fields, and possibilities for underground storage
d. Water resource maps
1.) Ground-water availability and potential
2.) Surface water development areas, impoundment possibilities
e. Areas suitable for surface waste disposal 1.) Sanitary landfill areas
2.) Septic tank development (Internal drainage characteristics of surficial units and the soils developed on them)
f. Potential natural areas and recreation areas based on geologic (geomorphic) features
Science, Communication, and the Critical Mass
Robert E. Gordon University of Notre Dame
In recent years, science has been confronted with a crisis in communication. To the average scientist this crisis has meant that the scientist to scientist transfer of information has bogged down. A number of programs to relieve this situation have been proposed and are, depending on the field, in various stages of implementation.
I suppose that those of you who have followed the efforts of biology to formulate a national system, and know of my activity in this area, have already concluded that a biologist is about to speak to you about biological communication.
Stand relieved—today I wish to talk about communication—but not that of scientist to scientist.
There is an equally urgent problem which if not resolved may have much more deleterious effects than that posed within the scientific community.
I refer to communication from the scientific community to the non-scientist. This problem is of equal importance to all fields of science— a fact which is easily demonstrable. A significant portion of the long range solution to this problem rests in large measure in the hands of that part of the scientific community concerned with education.
Previous to World War II, research in science was the activity of a dedicated few—a relatively smaller number of practitioners than is currently the case.
The public image of research was often revealed by caricatures in the popular press—in the case of biology often by a picture of an eccentric old man with collecting gear and butterfly net. Indeed, the remarks of some of my physical science peers led me to think that even they bought the image of a biologist, thus portrayed.
With World War II, the public image took a radical turn. In the post World War decade, the public image of science and the work of scientists developed directly from the efforts of the scientific community during World War II.
And what were these efforts? The more spectacular of them dealt with the harnessing of nuclear energy; the development of radar and sonar; the screening and selecting of chemotherapeutic agents such as sulfur drugs and metabolic by-products of fungi as antibiotics.
The mass media publicized the work under the label of scientific research. Yet it is a well known fact, at least among scientists, that the basic research behind these technological advances was a product of work carried out by the scientists of the 1930's and earlier. Further,
we know that the success of the scientific community during World War II was not the result of directed research in the 1930's. The success remains as a clear example of how unfettered, undirected research can supply basic building stones on which directed development and technology can be constructed.
But these points were never really mentioned to the public and hence their image of science in the post war era was one that can be simply stated: given a specific problem, a relatively large amount of money, and an adequate concentration of investigators, the efforts of these scientists are direct and result in applicable solutions to the specific problem in a remarkably short period of time.
Acting on this image, the public stoutly supported the growth of what was labelled in governmental budgets—R and D—research and development.
It is difficult to pinpoint the blame for this erroneous image. Either few scientists spoke loud enough with corrective statements, or the mass media simply ignored, as non-newsworthy, disclaimers from the scientific community.
But the fact that this image of capability for immediate solution to all problems confronting society became firmly entrenched in the community at large can hardly be disputed.
With the advent of spectacular developments in space by the U.S.S.R., a second stimulus for public support of research and development was layed upon the first. I recall that academic salaries and departmental budgets increased dramatically—both attributable to the appearance in the stratosphere of a man-produced and man-projected satellite. At this point, the "D" of R and D began to grow at a rather disproportionate rate to its forerunner and counterpart—the "R".
The scientific community began to speak out loud and clear for its share of funds for basic research. Perhaps—for all the wrong reasons— the public began to think of R and D with some degree of insight provided by science.
Growth of R and D rose to a rate, in dollars spent, exceeding that of our gross national product. Federal expenditures in research and development rose over a 20 year period by about 25% each year. The need for scientific manpower drew national attention. From the first grade through the early years of college, the academic portion of the scientific community focused on those individuals whose potential predicted a career in science.
When one examined where we were going in the funding of research and development, even as early as 1958, a decade ago, the answer was apparent. A simply extrapolation of growth curves for R and D and the GNP led Jerome Wisner, Science Advisor to President Kennedy, to inject the thought that the bubble might burst. Instead of a 25% per year growth, leaders now talk about a 15% per year growth
—and 15% is still three times the rate of growth of the GNP. The problems of the growth of science and technology were apparent then a decade ago.
Congress, drawing its constituents from the public whose image of science was that of immediate applicability, began to examine the results of R and D spending. This examination was and still is in terms of the resolution today of the multitude of problems facing the nation in health, transportation, agriculture, education, and urbanization. No consideration was or is now being given to the results of governmental support in terms of basic accumulation of knowledge—those building stones on which development and technology rest.
The results of this intense scrutiny are familiar to you: the geologists have lost Mohole; funding for the 200 BEV accelerator at Weston is slow; the chemists are frankly pragmatic in stating that the development of chemistry as pictured in the Westheimer Report will probably not be implemented; the IBP is stranded for lack of funds; and even NIH in the biomedical domain has some problems. It is true that the scrutiny and the drastic cutbacks are made more intensive by our involvement in Vietnam, but I submit that the bubble was due to burst even without Vietnam.
And for those of you who are engaged in scholastic education, a reduction in the funding of science at the national level will be followed at the local level with little time lag. No one engaged in any facet of science in the United States will remain immune to the trend now begun.
Currently, not only research but also development shares the deceleration. Candidly, I think that if the Russians land the Presidium on the moon, we—the scientific community—may just avoid a further deceleration likely to become a decapitation.
What is needed? Certainly it is not a return to the 25% per year increase in spending; the nation cannot afford it under present or projected economic conditions. The first need is a planned steady growth of research and development more in line with, and probably hinged to, the 5 or 6% annual rate of growth of the GNP. Secondly, a more equitable distribution of these funds between research and development must be attained, if the generally accepted cliche "what is science today is technology tomorrow" is at all correct.
Are we likely to achieve these two needs when the war is over? And my answer is no, not unless we effectively communicate to a critical mass in the 200 million people who constitute our population.
This communication can occur at two points—one clearly a function of the educators present; the other, a function of this academy and other institutions of organized science.
The two points are fairly obvious: initially, during the period of basic education; secondly, as an input in the continuing education which every adult in the electronic age must carry out if he or she is to adjust to the rapid advances of society in this age.
The mere suggestion that we look at science education conveys the impression that there is something amiss. What is it? The facts of science education as a major vehicle of communication for the past two decades seem to fit the following pattern.
In the face of the most affluent period that science has witnessed in any civilization since its inception, in the face of a demand for scientific and technical personnel—we began in the elemetary school to single out and encourage those individuals whose talents seemed bent toward service of mother science.
We instituted science fairs at the expense of the more general hobby fair—and we achieved positive results, plus some negative ones. How many students whose talents were bent in another direction were rebuffed by the emphasis on science ?
We put our best teachers into advanced chemistry, advanced physics, advanced biology and advanced mathematics in our high schools. We created an elite of advanced students—and we achieved positive results, plus some negative ones. How many students whose bent was in the direction of humanities received advanced courses in those fields? And how many of these same students were instructed in basic science using examples relevant to their future role as adult decision-makers in an age where progress in technology is common place—but dependent on the progress in science ?
We put our best teachers into major courses in institutions of higher learning and neglected the courses for liberal arts and business students; and we achieved positive results, plus some negative ones. How many students joined C. P. Snow's "other culture" with no understanding of science and even a complete disdain for it?
I submit that for the past two decades we have communicated in science education to a very select group. The total number of this group, although in our eyes large, simply does not represent the critical mass, in our population, under our system of government, necessary to insure support of science at a sound fiscal level. Sound in terms of the total national prosperity and sound in terms of permitting the type of planned organization and growth which characterizes science itself.
In 20 years then, characterized by unprecedented emphasis in science education, we have produced one generation and begun another who possess a very basic misunderstanding of what science is and what it can do. The youth of this age—and here I speak of our current high school and college populations—are convinced that science does not have all the answers. I believe this is youthful wisdom. Not all of our problems—certainly not all of the socio-economic behavioral complex of urbanization—are susceptible to resolution by application of science. But I fear this glimpse of wisdom carries with it youthful immaturity. Immaturity that will lead—should I say is leading?—to the abandonment of science. How else do you explain the national trend of decreased enrollments in science ?
I call then for a very serious reconsideration of our entire approach to science communication in terms of basic education. I do not seek to materially reduce the concentration on a selected few, but I ask for balance and certainly more attention to the education of the non-scientist, particularly to his understanding of science and technology. This understanding should be developed in terms relevant to his role as an adult in an age where science can and does permeate every aspect of life.
The second point of communication with the non-scientist is with the adult and I suggest this as a function of this academy, its sister institutions and other organized elements in science.
Our aims on a long term basis would be to reinforce public understanding for the sake of science and its support and to provide a continual updating of scientific background as a basis for decision making in public policy and personal problems.
In an address to the 1966 Academy Conference of the AAAS, E. G. Sherburne, Jr., Director of Science Service, outlined a program for the academies—a program of communication to the non-scientist. I endorse his proposal as timely and efficient. Sherburne noted that two-tenths of one percent of the population in any state or city are the leaders. For them he suggested:
1. that the Academy establish a science advisor to the governor and an advisory committee in frank imitation to the presidential science advisor and his committee.
2. that the Academy conduct science seminars on relevant problems for members of the state legislature or even county boards.
3. that the Academy appoint ad hoc committees to study problems relevant to science at the state level and to communicate the findings and recommendations to the decision makers.
Through its committee on Science and Society, the Academy has moved to implement some of these ideas. The Committee's activity should be strongly endorsed by effort on the part of each member to implement the program.
At the same Academy Conference, I addressed the representatives on the role of academies of science in the field of scientific publications. In my talk I reviewed the publication practices of some 48 academies of science. Only 2 of the 48 publish newsletters directed solely to the general public. Yet these two by their action recognize an important role of the scientist and his organizations—namely the communication to the attentive public of studied opinions on those matters affecting science, and those problems facing the state for which there is an answer in science.
In conclusion, may I point out that regardless of your role as a scientist, you have a stake in development of a critical mass. For each of you in your day to day activities are communicators of science. Your decisions in communicating science produce both positive and negative effects. Science, today, cannot afford negativism. If you agree with me, will you begin today to meet the challenge?
ANTHROPOLOGY
Chairman: B. K. Swartz, Jr., Ball State University
Robert E. Pace, Indiana State University, was elected
chairman for 1969
ABSTRACTS
Stratigraphy of the White Site. Ronald L. Michael, Ball State University.—This paper is a field report of archaeological excavation done in 1968 at Mound 3, Hn-10 (IAS-BSU), located on the near southwest side of New Castle, Indiana. The work consisted primarily of searching for the base of the mound. The perimeter of the central section of the mound was trenched around using 5x5 excavation units. After each trench was excavated to a depth of about two feet below the mound base, soil profiles were taken of each trench. On the basis of the soil profiles and artifacts recovered, which included copper bracelets, pottery and ground stone chunkey stones, bifacially flaked chert points, and a unifacially flaked chert scraper, the mound was concluded to be middle or late Adena.
A Preliminary Report on the Welsh-Dunlap Site, Vigo County, Indiana.
Robert E. Pace, Stephen Coffin, and John Richardson, Indiana University.—Located on a sand rise along the Wabash River in northern Vigo County, this mixed Late Woodland village site is of especial interest because of its marginal position to better known traditions to the north and to the south. Initial excavation has recovered materials related to those reported from the Albee and Catlin sites, along with others suggesting affinities with central Illinois River valley sites.
The Initial Excavation of the Van Nuys Site. Ben J. Morris, Ball State University.—The initial excavation of the Van Nuys Site, Hn-25 (IAS-BSU), began on June 11, 1968. By July 11, 1968, nearly 1000 square feet was excavated to a level averaging approximately 27 inches. The assemblage of artifacts recovered from the surface and during excavation, plus an extensive, multiple post hole pattern, suggests a Late Woodland manifestation possibly related to Hn-2, a nearby cemetery site with Fort Ancient affiliations.
Mound Four New Castle Site. Terry Curren, Ball State University.— Mound Four is a bilobate mound located in Henry County on the grounds of the New Castle State Hospital. The north side of the west lobe was excavated during the 1968 Field School. It was originally thought that the area between the two lobes of the mound was filled by erosion. However, three secondary cremation burials were found in this area. A large sheet of mica and a copper band of questionable use was found in association with one of the burials.
Culture Change in a Maya Community. Michael Salovesh, Purdue University.—The Tzotzil-speaking Maya Indians of San Bartolome, Chiapas, Mexico, form a separate community within a town which includes many
non-Indians. Based on research conducted between 1958 and 1962, I characterized this community as a strongly conservative one. I offered an analysis which suggested that the peculiar residence patterns followed by the Indians operated in ways which made these conservative tendencies most notable in those areas of community life which were controlled by men.
In the last six years, San Bartolome's Indians have undergone a series of drastic shifts in cultural orientations. These have been strongest in political and economic affairs, particularly in those areas which involve contact and interaction with the non-Indian world at the levels of town, state, and nation. It is remarkable that these changes have been most far-reaching precisely in those activities which are primarily controlled by men. This paper outlines the major areas of recent change, and seeks an explanation of those changes in a basic shift in the cultural ecology of the surrounding region.
Other papers read
An Historic Feature at the New Castle Site. Thomas Habart, Ball State University.
Excavations at the Commissary Site, Henry County, Indiana: A Late Woodland Cemetery. Mary Lou Craig, Ball State University.
Three Late Woodland Cemeteries in Greene County, Indiana. Curtis H. Tomak, Indiana University.
Physical Types in California. Jack M. Whitehead, Ball State University.
The Nature and Distribution of Bifrontal Occipital Cranial Deformation.
King B. Hunter and Georg K. Neumann, Indiana University.
Population Distance and Racial Differentiation in the American Indian.
Georg K. Neumann, Indiana University.
Varieties of North American Indians and Linguistic Groupings in Historical Reconstruction. Norman A. Tague and Georg K. Neumann, Indiana University.
Oneota Influences in the Great Lakes Area Tribes. Elizabeth J. Glenn, Ball State University.
The Incidence of the Perforation of the Coronoid-olecranon
Septum in the Middle Mississippian Population of
Dickson Mounds, Fulton County, Illinois
Robert L. Blakely, Randall J. Marmouze, and David D. Wynne
Indiana University
Abstract
The humeral septum is a thin plate of bone between the coronoid and olecranon fossae at the distal end of the humerus. Into these fossae fit the coronoid and olecranon processes of the ulna and together they form the hinge joint of the elbow. Occasionally the septum dividing the fossae is perforated.
During the summer of 19G8 the authors conducted a quantitative and qualitative study of the perforation of the coronoid-olecranon septum in a prehistoric Middle Mississippian American Indian population at Dickson Mounds, Fulton County, Illinois. Included in the study were determination of the incidence of bilateral and unilateral perforation, the relationship of the perforation with age and sex, and the possible relationship of the size of the perforation with age and sex.
It was found that the perforation of the coronoid-olecranon septum is positively correlated with sex, occurring more commonly in females. The perforation seems to be absent in infants and children. The size of the perforation does not seem to increase with age.
Introduction
At the distal end of the humerus is a thin plate of compact bone which separates the coronoid fossa and the olecranon fossa. The bone between the two fossae is termed the humeral, or coronoid-olecranon, septum. Into these fossae fit the coronoid and olecranon processes, respectively, of the ulna. These hook-like processes of the ulna together with the rounded trochlea and fossae of the humerus form the hinge joint of the elbow. Extension of the arm is limited by contact between the olecranon process and posterior surface of the septum. Flexion at the elbow is restricted by contact between the coronoid process and the anterior surface of the septum and the intervening soft tissue on the anterior aspect of the upper and lower arm.
Occasionally the coronoid-olecranon septum is perforated (Figure 1). Apertures in the septum may be bilateral, that is, occurring in both humeri of one individual, or it may be unilateral, occurring on either the right or left side. Hrdlicka noted the occurrence of bilaterally and unilaterally perforated septa in a variety of mammalian species, thus demonstrating that the presence of the aperture is not species-specific (6). Among human populations the frequency of the perforation varies from close to zero to almost 60% (1). In most human groups observed to date, perforated septa are more common among females than males, and when present are predominantly bilateral. The incidence of perforated septa is greater in the left than right humerus.
Various theories have been put forth to explain the causes of the variability within and between human populations. Both genetic and
Indiana Academy of Science
environmental determinants have been invoked, but it remains unclear as to what degree the various factors contribute to the formation of the aperture. The mechanical hypothesis contends that the perforation is a result of activity which wears a hole in the septum. The aperture may be formed by certain types of activity or activities of long duration and thus might be culturally determined.
Figure 1. Anterior view of two right humeri. The coronoid-ole-cranon septum of the humerus on the left is unperforated while the septum of the humerus on the right is perforated.
In a qualitative study conducted in 1932, Hrdlicka posited a phylo-genetic origin for perforation of the coronoid-olecranon septum, suggesting that the potential for the perforation is inherited as one of a number of generalized mammalian traits (6). As evidence, he cites comparative data which demonstrates similar frequencies of incidence and comparable sexual variability in a variety of infrahuman mammals. Hrdlicka also pointed out that the differences in the frequency of the perforation among human populations sharing similar physique and mode of life and activity suggest that presence of the aperture is common to all human groups. Hrdlicka further suggests that the realization of this genetic potential is determined by the degree of robusticity of the humerus. The greater the muscularity of an individual, the greater the bone formation and consequently the less likely that incomplete ossification will result in the absence of bone at the septum. Thus lack of bone resorption may result in the perforated coronoid-olecranon septum. This theory would explain the higher incidence of the perforation on the weaker left arm of right-handed individuals, and the greater
frequency of the perforation among females who are generally less robust than males.
Recent studies have tended to ignore Hrdlicka's phylogenetic theory and have concentrated on the interpretation that the degree of robusticity is fundamental in determining the presence or absence of the perforation. Benfer and McKem found a positive correlation between the size of the humerus and the presence of perforation of the humeral septum (1). Using minimum middle diameter of the humerus as a quantitative assessment of robusticity, the authors noted that the aperture was more likely to be present in humeri of smaller diameter. Glanville, in 1967, published evidence suggesting a positive correlation between the presence of the perforation and longer coronoid and olecranon processes and increased angles of flexion and extension (5). If robusticity is positively correlated with the length of the ulnar processes, then Glanville's findings lend support to the robusticity theory.